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Chemistry is the central science that connects Physics to Biology
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Chemistry is the science that represents the world through math
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Chemistry is the science that describes all living things
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Bucky balls are carbon lattice structures that contain [blank_start]______[blank_end] carbons.
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The IUPAC is an organization that regulates the physical laws of chemistry.
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Chemistry is the study of [blank_start]_________[blank_end] and its interactions.
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Around [blank_start]_______[blank_end], early Greek philosophers argued that [blank_start]_________[blank_end] could be subdivided into tiny indivisible particles called [blank_start]_________[blank_end].
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400 BCE
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matter
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atomos
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200 BCE
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protons
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quarks
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atomns
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Democritus stated that atoms have different sizes, are never in motion and are separated by empty space.
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In around the 17th century, alchemists explored the nature of matter intensely. They searched for exclusive prizes such as the alchemy of life.
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Dalton proposed that...
- all mater is made up of tiny [blank_start]indivisible particles[blank_end] called [blank_start]atoms[blank_end]
- all atoms of the of an element are [blank_start]identical[blank_end]
- atoms of different elements are [blank_start]different[blank_end]
- atoms are rearranged from [blank_start]new substances[blank_end] in chemical reactions, but they are never created nor [blank_start]destroyed[blank_end].
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indivisible particles
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atoms
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identical
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different
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new substances
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destroyed
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atoms
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indivisible particles
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identical
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different
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identical
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new substances
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indivisible particles
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different
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different
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identical
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indivisible particles
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new substances
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atoms
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energy
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destroyed
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bombarded
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constructed
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Thompson created the [blank_start]plum pudding model[blank_end] from his experiment with a cathode ray and as a result discovered [blank_start]electrons[blank_end]. Ernest Rutherford performed the [blank_start]gold foil experiment[blank_end] and from this he deduced that there was a [blank_start]positively charged nucleus[blank_end]. Chadwick discovered the [blank_start]neutral neutron[blank_end] and Bohr proposed energy levels from his observation of photon emission.
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Bohr Rutherford diagrams look as follows.
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Z represents the [blank_start]atomic number[blank_end]. A represents the [blank_start]atomic mass[blank_end]. X represents the [blank_start]element symbol[blank_end].
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atomic number
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atomic mass
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element symbol
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atomic mass
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atomic number
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element symbol
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element symbol
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atomic number
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atomic mass
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Valence electron are electron on the second outermost shell.
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All atoms are in the search of a full octet to some extent.
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Noble gases are highly reactive as they constantly search to fill their octet.
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Ions are formed when...
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there is a loss or gain of electron
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a nuclear fusion event occurs
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a nuclear fission event occurs
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an atoms is bombarded with protons
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Positive ions are [blank_start]cations[blank_end] and negative ions are [blank_start]anions[blank_end].
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Anions and Cations come together to form a molecular compound.
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Element with multiple ion charges...
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Polyatomic ions are ions that consist of more than one atom.
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Magnesium ion [blank_start]Na^(2+)[blank_end], Sodium ion [blank_start]Na^(+)[blank_end], Ammonium [blank_start]NH4^(+)[blank_end], Sulphate [blank_start]SO4^(2-)[blank_end], Chlorate [blank_start]ClO3^(-)[blank_end], Carbonate [blank_start]CO3^(2-)[blank_end], Phosphate [blank_start]PO4^(3-)[blank_end], Cyanide [blank_start]CN^(-)[blank_end], Hydroxide [blank_start]OH^(-)[blank_end], Bicarbonate [blank_start]HCO3^(-)[blank_end], Nitrate [blank_start]NO3^(-)[blank_end]
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Mg^(2+)
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Na^(+)
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NH4^(+)
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SO4^(2-)
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ClO3^(-)
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PO4^(3-)
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CO3^(2-)
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CN^(-)
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OH^(-)
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HCO3^(-)
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NO3^(-)
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99% of the human body is made of only 6 elements (oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus).
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Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of protons.
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How are isotopes distinguished?
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atomic mass
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number of protons
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charge
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Isotopic abundance is the percentage of an isotope in a sample of an element.
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What do scientists use to find the isotopic abundance of a given isotope?
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Alpha particles have the same structure as a [blank_start]helium atom nucleus[blank_end] and can be blocked by [blank_start]paper[blank_end]. Beta particles are [blank_start]negatively charged electrons[blank_end] that can pass through paper but not through [blank_start]aluminium[blank_end]. [blank_start]Gamma rays[blank_end] are a high-energy electromagnetic radiation but it cannot pass through [blank_start]lead[blank_end].
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Radioactive isotopes are isotopes that decay to form nuclear radiation.
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Element X has isotopes X-200 (80%) and X-201(20%),. Calculate the atomic mass of element X.[blank_start]________[blank_end] amu
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The periodic table contains almost all of the known elements.
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Hydrogen does not belong to a specific group of elements as it is an exception.
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What are the properties of alkali metals?
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Soft, sliver coloured element that is solid at room temperature and is highly reactive with water
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Light, very reactive metal that is solid at room temperature and reacts with oxygen to form oxides
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Transition metals are the metals that are found near the center of the periodic table. They are strong , hard metals with high melting points as well as good conductors of electricity. Many react with oxygen to form oxides. Some are multivalent.
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Metalloids are found along the staircase.
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Transuranic metals are those that have an atomic number greater then [blank_start]_________[blank_end].
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Noble gases are gases at room temperature with high melting and boiling points. They are extremely unreactive.
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Halogens may be solid liquid or gas at room temperatures and are extremely reactive. They also exhibit non-metallic properties such as no lustre and non-conduction.