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[blank_start]Biodiversity[blank_end]: complete range of species and biological communities, as well as genetic variation within species and all ecosystem processes
[blank_start]Species Diversity[blank_end]: all species on Earth, from single celled bacteria to multicellular kingdoms
[blank_start]Genetic Diversity[blank_end]: genetic variation within species, both amoung geographically disparate populations and among individuals within a single population
[blank_start]Ecosystem Diversity[blank_end]: the different biological communities and their associates with the chemical and physical environment
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Biodiversity
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Species Diversity
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Genetic Diversity
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Ecosystem Diversity
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Species are generally defined in 3 ways:
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morphologically
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biologically
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evolutionarily
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chemically
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The most diverse places on Earth include:
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tropical rainforests
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coral reefs and deep sea
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mediterranean-type communities
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bay communities
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open ocean
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We are currentlyin the sixth major extinction event in Earth's history.
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- True
- False
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Distribution and structure of terrestrial biodiversity lagged behind marine and freshwater ecosystems.
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- True
- False
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What are the assumptions of a 2-factor CRD?
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Independence of cells
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Randomly Drawn Individuals in cells
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HOV of the cells
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Normality of the cells
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Additivity of the cells
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Multiplicity of the cells
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Normality of measurement units
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Independence of measurement units
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HOV of measurement units
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Biodiversity measures:
[blank_start]Species richness[blank_end] (S)
[blank_start]Shannon Diversity[blank_end] (H')
[blank_start]Rao's quadratic entropy index[blank_end] (Q)
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Species richness
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Shannon Diversity
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Rao's quadratic entropy index
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Biodiversity hospots:
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places with exceptional concentrations of endiemic species
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hydrothermal vents, where there is high diversity
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Ecological processes that drive biodiversity:
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reproduction
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growth
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recruitment
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vagile species
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agile species
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no apex predators
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How do you quantify species richness?
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Sum of species of a particular taxonomic grouping within an area of interest (S)
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Sum of number of species and their abundances of a particular taxonomic group with an area of interest (H')
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How do you quantify species diversity?
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Sum of number of species and their abundances of a particular taxonomic group with an area of interest (H')
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Sum of species of a particular taxonomic grouping within an area of interest (S)
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Conservation is concerned with:
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loss of biodiversity on every scale
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phylogeny and classification
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diversity of species
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____________ is the change in how a system is measured against a previous reference point, which may themselves represent a significant change from an earlier state of the system
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Shifting Baseline Syndrome
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Shifting Outlook Syndrome
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Changing Baseline Syndrome
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Changing Outlook Syndrome
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In the [blank_start]11th[blank_end] century, England switched from [blank_start]freshwater[blank_end] to [blank_start]saltwater[blank_end] fishing. this was due both to the depletion of [blank_start]freshwater[blank_end] species and the development of new fishing [blank_start]technology[blank_end], such as better nets and boats.
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11th
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10th
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12th
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14th
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freshwater
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saltwater
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saltwater
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freshwater
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freshwater
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saltwater
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technology
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locations
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Humans have profoundly affected marine wildlife, altering function and provisioning of services in every ocean
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- True
- False
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Current ocean trends coupled with terrestrial defaunation lessons suggest marine defaunation rates will rapidly [blank_start]intensify[blank_end] as human use of oceans industrializes
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intensify
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decrease
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Marine defaunation has gone too far for the ocean to recover.
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- True
- False
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What is the allee effect?
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inverse density-dependence or depensation
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increases in population density result in increased per capita population growth
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increases in population density result in decreased per capita population growth
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low population density, after some threshold density, population growth will decrese
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Major causes of biodiversity loss include...
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overhunting/overexploitation
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introduced species
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chains of extinctions
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habitat destruction
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climate change
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extinction synergies
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natural apex predators
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Overfishing results in...
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reduced abundance
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fisheries induced evolution
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recruitment variability
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overly-aggressive fish
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Examples of Fisheries-induced evolution include...
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reduced size
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growth rates
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reduced fecundity
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earlier age- and size-at-maturity
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later age-and size-at-maturity
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increased size
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What is the maximum sustainable yield?
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Theoretical
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maximum yield that can be taken from specific fish stock over an indefinite period of time
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under constant environmental conditions
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maximum yield that can be taken from specific fish stock of a definite period of time
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precautionary principle used to justify discretionary decisions
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principle used to quantify exact number of fish in the sea
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Invasive species:
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increase competition and predation
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create trophic cascades
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are usually great for the ecosystem
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are usually detrimental for the ecosystem
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modify ecosystem and habitat
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decrease competition and predation
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Soft sediment is important because...
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largest habitat in the ocean
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high biodiversity
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highly productive
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low biodiversity
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little productivity
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Soft sediment restoration is mainly happening by
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reducing fishing pressure
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increasing fishing pressure
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stricter boating rules to reduce trawl damage
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looser boating rules to increase trawl damage
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Trophic cascades occur in two directions: [blank_start]bottom-up[blank_end] (foundation species) and [blank_start]top-bottom[blank_end] (predator release).
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bottom-up
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top-bottom
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top-bottom
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bottom-top
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