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According to rationalism, experience is required for knowledge.
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Heraclitus is a rationalist.
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Empiricism is the view that God does not exist.
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He is regarded as the first philosopher.
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Heraclitus
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Pythagoras
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Socrates
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None of the above
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Which of the following philosophers are empiricists?
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Heraclitus
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Parmenides
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Pythagoras
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All of the above
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None of the above
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He held that everything is being, that nothing changes.
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Pythagoras
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Parmenides
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Thales
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Heraclitus
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He held that all is water.
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Thales
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Parmenides
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Pythagoras
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None of the above
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He held that everything is fire.
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Thales
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Parmenides
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Pythagoras
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Heraclitus
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He held that everything is in a constant state of flux/change
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Heraclitus
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Parmenides
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Pythagoras
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Thales
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Who said you cannot step twice in the same river?
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Thales
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Parmenides
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Pythagoras
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None of the above
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Plato is a rationalist.
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According to Plato, if you believe something is true and it is true, then you know that it's true.
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According to Plato, knowledge is true belief plus?
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In the Allegory of the Cave, the prisoners
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see only the shadows of things, not the things themselves.
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believe they know what reality is like.
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don't know they are prisoners
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are just like us.
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All of the above.
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"Does God exist?" is
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The inside of the cave represents
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although the forms are not physical, they may be seen with physical eyes.
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although the forms are not mental, they exist only in they mind.
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forms are more real than physical objects.
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All of the above
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Plato's view is a dualist view because
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he had two personalities.
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he famously beat Heraclitus in a duel.
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he had only two beliefs: Socrates is a man and Socrates is mortal.
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he believed in two kinds of things, material things and nonmaterial things
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According to Plato,
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The thing that is the most real is The Good.
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There are two utlimate realities, The Good and The Bad.
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There are three ultimate realities, The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly.
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Nothing is real. There's nothing to get hung about.
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Why is Socrates on trial?
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For molesting young boys.
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For plagiarizing Plato's ideas.
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For corrupting the youth of Athens through philosophy.
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All of the above
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Who tries to convince Socrates to escape from prison?
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Socrates rejects the reasons in favor of escaping. Why does he reject the reasons given?
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The reasons given concern the physical concequences of leaving.
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According to Socrates, the reasons given don't have anything to do with whether it is right to leave.
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According to Socrates, the physical consequences, those that are known empirically, are not relevent to what is right.
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All of the above.
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Socrates believes that if he leaves, he will be breaking his just agreement with the state. How does he know that breaking just agreements is wrong?
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Whenever he has broken his just agreements in the past and when he has observed others breaking their just agreements, the consequences have always been bad.
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He knows it empirically.
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He knows it by reason alone.
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None of the above.
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In the Symposium love is defined as the desire always to possess The Good. What is The Good, according to the view that Socrates learned?
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It varies from person to person.
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It varies from culture to culture
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Anything a person cares for deeply.
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All of the above
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None of the above.
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On Plato's view, beautiful objects in the physical world are only shadows of beauty itself.
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Beauty itself is not physical.
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Beauty itself, like justice itself, is a form, an immaterial object and therefore can be perceived only by reason, not by the senses.
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On Plato's view, true beauty is in the eye of the beholder so that what is truely beautiful is just a matter of opinion.
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Like Plato's Allegory of the Cave, which represents the process of enlightenment whereby one turns from the less real to the more real, Plato's ladder of love represents the pursuit of love to be an assent from what is less real to what is more real.
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If an argument is valid, then
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its conclusion must be true.
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if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true.
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its premises are all true
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All of the above
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1. If God exists, then all is well.
All is not well
Therefore God does not exist
The above argument is:
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1. If God exists, then all is well.
All is not well
Therefore God does not exist
The above argument is an example of
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Modus Ponens
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Modus Tollens
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Denying the antecedent
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Affirming the consequent
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Which of the following is true
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If an argument is valid, all its premises are true
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If an argument is sound, it is also valid
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If an argument is valid, it is also sound
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All of the above
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Which of the following is true?
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If an argument is an example of denying the antecedent, its conclusion is always false
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If an argument is sound, its conclusion is true
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If an argument is an example of Modus Ponens its conclusion is always true
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All of the above
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Different cultures have different moral standards is
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Ethical Relativism is descriptive
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If different cultures have different moral standards, then Ethical Relativism is true.
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If Ethical Relativism is true, when a culture changes its morals, the change is neither moral progress nor moral decline.
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If something is the case, then it ought to be the case.
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If a statement is prescriptive,
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If Ethical Relativism is true, then one's culture is always by definition right
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If Ethical Relativism is true, a moral reformer who seeks to reform a culture's morals is always by definition wrong.
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The consensus among philosophers is that Ethical Relativism is
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1. If candy is dandy, then liquor is quicker
Candy is dandy
Therefore liquor is quicker.
The above argument is
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There really is a difference between good reasoning and bad
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Aristotle was Socrates' teacher.
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1. Plato and Aristotle disagreed over
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how to divide Socrates' vast estate
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whether Jesus was the Jewish messiah
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the nature of forms
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the nature of sexual desire
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Aristotle believed that the forms are in material objects, not that material objects are mere shadows of immaterial forms.
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According to Epicurus, we should do what reason says, even if doing so makes everyone unhappy.
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Epicurus was a materialist.
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The Stoics were like Plato in that they believed in the use of reason over emotion, but they were unlike Plato in that they were ontological materialists.
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at about the same time as Plato and Aristotle
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at about the same time as Epicurus
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at about the same time as Jesus and Paul
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All of the above. Philo lived a very long life.
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For Plato, The Good is a non-personal entity to be contemplated.
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For Justin Martyr, The Good is God, a person to be worshipped, not merely to be contemplated.
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Which of the following is true?
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Why does Descartes set out to doubt everything?
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He had grown angry and bitter towards God.
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To prove that nothing can be known.
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To build a foundation for scientific knowledge.
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To build a foundation that helps needy philosophers.
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Rationalism is the view that all knowledge comes through reason, not though sensory experience.
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Even though he knows the senses are known deceivers, Descartes is still an empiricist.
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1. On what grounds does Descartes doubt even immediate empirical judgments such as, "I am seated here now"?
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He drank too much and began to doubt everything.
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He might be dreaming
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He doesn't doubt it: it's his first truth, something that cannot be doubted.
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None of the above.
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The main conclusion of the wax example is that the senses are known deceivers.
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According to Descartes, physical bodies are perceived by reason alone.
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According to Descartes, the mind is identical to the brain.
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1. Descartes observes that he can doubt the existence of his body, but that he cannot doubt the existence of his soul. What conclusion does he draw from this?
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The senses are known deceivers
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He might be dreaming
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There might be an evil genius
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The body is not identical to the soul.
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Descartes thinks he has shown the falsity of the supposition that an evil genius exists by proving that a perfect being exists, one who is not a deceiver.
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Our ideas of primary properties correctly represent the world.
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Our ideas of secondary properties do not represent the world. They are the result of causal powers in objects that produce these ideas in us.
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Why is it important philosophically for Descartes to argue that God exists?
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He felt very vulnerable all alone in the cabin while he was engaging in his meditations, and he needed the comfort of knowing someone was watching out for him.
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To write a book that did not prove God’s existence would have made Descartes a criminal in the eyes of the law.
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If a perfect God exists, then the Evil Genius does not.
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Descartes argues against the idea of a perfect being so that, being himself imperfect, he might feel better about himself.
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How does Descartes argue that God exists?
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He came up with the famous statement, Credo, Biblio, Veritas (The Bible says it, I believe it, and that settles it).
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He argues that the perfect functioning of the material world provides evidence of a perfect intelligent designer.
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He begins with only the ideas in his mind, since that is all he can be certain of at that point
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All of the above.
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Does Descartes believe he has the idea of perfection?
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Yes. That is the only way he could know that he, himself, is imperfect.
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No. He has no idea of perfection and that is how he knows that he himself is perfect.
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Our ideas of secondary properties, such as our idea of red, do not resemble anything in the object that produce the ideas in us.
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Though Descartes believes in his own existence as well as God’s, he does not believe in a material world, even at the end.
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Does Descartes know that he, himself, is imperfect?
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Yes. Because he doubts, he knows he is imperfect.
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No. He doubts very much that he is imperfect, since only a perfect being could have discovered The Cogito.
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Blue and yellow are primary properties, while yellow is a secondary property.
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Because he believes the senses are known deceivers, Descartes is an empiricist.
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Like Descartes, John Locke is a rationalist.
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What does it mean to say that we are born a tabula rasa?
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We are born with innate ideas.
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The same thing as cogito ergo sum.
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We are born without any ideas.
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All of the above.
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Although Locke believes that all knowledge comes through experience, he doesn't believe that we actually experience the world, only our ideas of the world.
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Although Locke believes that all knowledge comes through experience, he doesn't believe that we actually experience the world, only our ideas of the world.
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The sword that killed the empiricist Ockham.
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a principle Locke uses to show that empiricism is superior to rationalism
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a principle that says, "your argument cuts both ways".
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an argument in favor of innate ideas
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According to Locke, some of our ideas correctly represent the world and some do not.
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According to Locke, the idea of identity is a simple idea.
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Which of the following ideas do not correctly represent the world?
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Our idea of red.
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Our idea of pain.
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our idea of the sweet taste of sugar.
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None of the ideas above correctly represent the world, according to Locke.
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Locke believes our idea of red does not correctly represent reality because he believes the senses are known deceivers.
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Descartes thought we could perceive the world directly, while Locke thinks the only thing we perceive directly are the ideas in our mind.
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When Locke talks about abstract ideas, he means those ideas that the enlightened person achieves when he or she has turned away from the empirical world.
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Which of the following ideas are innate, according to Locke?
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Our idea of substance.
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Our idea of identity
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Both of the above
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None of the above.
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1. Our idea of substance, according to Locke, is
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obscure, not clear.
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an idea of something, but he knows not what.
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an idea of something that supports or stands under the qualities of a thing,
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and really is the thing in which all the properties inhere.
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All of the above.
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Locke believes that our idea of identity is formed when we experience an idea, for example, the idea of a pink ball, and then experience that same idea again, and then compare the two ideas in our mind and perceive that they are the same.
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Locke believes that the mind and body are distinct substances that are only contingently related, that the body is a material substance and the mind is immaterial.
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According to Locke, a person is an immaterial substance and so personal identity is nothing more than the continued existence of the same immaterial substance.
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When Locke uses the word "man" such as when he considers what it is to be the same man through time, the word "man" means, human. It is a term that refers to whatever biologists refer to when they refer to humans.
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On Locke's view, all humans are persons.
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On Locke's view, all persons are humans.
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Locke says that a rational parrot should be called a man or a human.
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According to Locke, our idea of a person is not the idea of an immaterial substance but the idea of a thinking intelligent being with self-awareness.