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Asthma is an [blank_start]immune[blank_end] dysfunction, an [blank_start]inflammatory[blank_end] response to a non-pathogenic antigen, therefore an atopic or allergic immune response.
• Type [blank_start]I & IV[blank_end] hypersensitivity
• Antibody – [blank_start]IgE[blank_end]
• [blank_start]Cells[blank_end] – T cells, B cells, mast cells, eosinophils
• 2 phases – [blank_start]Sensitisation[blank_end] & inflammation
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immune
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inflammatory
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I & IV
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IgE
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Cells
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sensitisation
Frage 2
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The [blank_start]Atopic March[blank_end] is the relationship between ashtma, atopic dermatitis(AD) and allergic rhinitis(AR) in children. Children with one [blank_start]atopic[blank_end] condition often will also have [blank_start]another[blank_end].
Food [blank_start]allergy[blank_end] also occurs frequently in children with AD or [blank_start]precedes[blank_end] AD.
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Atopic March
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another
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atopic
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allergy
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precedes
Frage 3
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The first stage of asthma pathology is the [blank_start]sensitisation[blank_end]. A [blank_start]dendritic[blank_end] cell in the lungs encounters an allergen and becomes activated, then travels to a [blank_start]lymph[blank_end] node. T cell activation and [blank_start]proliferation[blank_end] occurs, which releases [blank_start]interleukins[blank_end], and activates B cells. B cells proliferate and release [blank_start]IgE[blank_end] antibodies.
The second stage is inflammation. IgE coated/sensitised [blank_start]mast[blank_end] cells and eosinophils in the lungs encounter the allergen and [blank_start]degranulate[blank_end], releasing histamines, proteases, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins which inflame the airways.
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sensitisation
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dendritic
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lymph
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proliferation
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interleukins
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IgE
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mast
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degranulate
Frage 4
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Choose the correct statement.
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Th2 cells produce cytokines that drive IgE production by B cells
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Eosinophils release bronchoconstrictors & cytokines
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Mast cells release mediators that damage cells, and contribute to remodeling
Frage 5
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Non-atopic asthma, also known as [blank_start]intrinsic[blank_end] asthma, is asthma [blank_start]without[blank_end] atopy. A skin test will be [blank_start]negative[blank_end]. Commonly in women, and usually in adults.
There are some differences (debated); the presence of [blank_start]innate[blank_end] lymphoid cells (ILCs), and [blank_start]less[blank_end] IgE, for example.
Neutrophilic asthma is another type. It is usually [blank_start]late[blank_end] onset and [blank_start]more[blank_end] severe, and less reversible. There are some differences; [blank_start]Th17[blank_end] rather than Th2, [blank_start]neutrophils[blank_end] rather than eosinophils. It is corticosteroid [blank_start]insensitive[blank_end].
Occupational asthma is another type.
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intrinsic
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without
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negative
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innate
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less
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late
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more
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Th17
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neutrophils
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insensitive
Frage 6
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The pathophysiology of asthma includes inflammation, hyperresponsiveness/bronchoconstriction, oedema, and remodelling. Inflammation is quite complex and impacts [blank_start]treatment[blank_end] decision. Hyperresponsiveness is [blank_start]reversible[blank_end] early on and can be measured. Oedema is due to [blank_start]mucus[blank_end] hypersecretion. Airway remodelling is associated with a progressive, [blank_start]irreversible[blank_end] loss of lung function. It includes the thickening of the [blank_start]basement[blank_end] membrane, fibrosis, airway smooth muscle [blank_start]hypertrophy[blank_end] and hyperplasia, angiogenesis, and mucus gland hyperplasia.
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treatment
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reversible
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mucus
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irreversible
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basement
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hypertrophy
Frage 7
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There is a small but significant dose related association with antibiotics in pediatrics and the development of asthma.
Frage 8
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There is a dose dependent association between paracetamol use in first
year of life and asthma, i.e. paracetamol increases the risk of asthma.
Frage 9
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NZ's rate of asthma in the population is:
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low and stable
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low and fluctuating
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high and stable
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high and fluctuating
Frage 10
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In conventional asthma treatment and management, we:
- Abolish symptoms - [blank_start]Beta agonists[blank_end] (relievers)
- Restore best possible airway function - anti-inflammatory drugs ([blank_start]preventers[blank_end])
- Practice allergen [blank_start]avoidance[blank_end]
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Beta agonists
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preventers
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avoidance