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Globalisation is...
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The process of intensified compression and increasing consciousness of the world
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The rapid expansion and intensified consciousness of the world
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The homogenisation of global cultures
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The system of intensified compression and increasing consciousness of the world
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Time and space compression is...
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The phenomenon altering time and space relations due to the rapid increase in technology allowing communication to travel faster, making the world seem smaller
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The earth is slowly moving closer to the sun, causing space to appear more compressed and time to speed up
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Two-way flow/process of globalisation
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when you move further away from the core of 'civilisation,' society becomes more backwards
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Glocalisation is thinking global, but acting local
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What are the four facilitating factors of intercultural exchange discussed in the lecture?
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Colonisers 'form a community' by 'un-forming/re-forming' the existing colonised community.
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The difference between postcolonialism and post-colonialism is...
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Postcolonialism is ideological, while post-colonialism is temporal
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With post-colonialism, countries can still be culturally and economically neo-colonised, but formally decolonised. Postcolonialism on the other hand, is completely free of its colonisers influence
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Postcolonialism is characterised by different experiences within/between countries, while post-colonialism is concerned with the education, literature, and linguistic experience
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Postcolonialism is the process of decolonisation, while post-colonialism is the result of decolonisation
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While colonialism includes imperialism, imperialism does not require colonialism.
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Which one describes postcolonial theory?
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A new way of analysing text by re-reading traditional English literature for colonial themes and discourse and the analysis of representations of colonised subjects
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"Ways that representations and modes of perception are used as fundamental weapons of colonial power to keep colonised people subservient to colonial rule." It is the colonisation of the mind
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It emphasises unity in diversity, making specific, national differences less important than grand, abstract, universal concerns through a humanist approach
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What is the subaltern?
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Those in the lowest social position, outside hegemonic power structures of colonial powers
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Those in the highest social position, operate within the hegemonic power structure but oppose colonial powers
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Indigenous language that has been marginalised and associated with backwardness and barbarianism
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Language or dialect used often only by those in the lowest social position as a result of colonial language policy
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The usage-based approach to language is characterised by...
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Reading the intention of others
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Joint attention and social interaction
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Shared structure of languages
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Cognitive abilities developed through socio-cultural factors
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All humans have the ability to learn a language
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Language forms knowledge about the self and social world
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Weak hypothesis of the Linguistic Relativity Principle suggests that the structure of language determines thoughts.
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Galton's problem stated that...
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Different cultures develop and adopt similar characteristics as a result of cultural exchange, not independently as previously believed
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Modernity and modernism is a western phenomena and that it is incorporated by non-western cultures
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Everything obeys the laws of market
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Societies take on patterns of rationalisation, breaking down tasks into smaller tasks for production
Frage 13
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How people use context to understand knowledge of human behaviour needed to interpret interactions
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How people use their knowledge of human behaviour to understand the context of interactions
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How people use interactions to interpret to understand the context of human behaviours
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How people use their knowledge of communications to avoid misunderstandings
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Which best characterises opinions of the anti-globalisation movement towards globalisation? (can pick more than one)
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Against the neo-liberal aspect of globalisation
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No globalisation without representation
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Fear of fragmentation
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Spread of western modernism and colonialism
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Reinforcing the ideas of the 'other' and backwardness of non-western civilisations
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Form of neo-imperialism
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Fear of homogenisation
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Against all global networks
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Which are communication strategies used to avoid miscommunication discussed in the lectures?
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Indicating need for repair
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Try to reformulate
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Ask for confirmation
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Ask for clarification
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Use gestures to help convey message
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Switch to different language
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Draw pictures or write it down
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Which answer describes a lingua franca?
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Language used for communication between speakers that do not share a native tongue
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Language spoken around the world by populations other than those associated with them
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Language spoken by most of the worlds population, serving as a medium of literacy and other forms of cultural life
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Language of public signage
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The outer circle in the three circles of Englishes represents those who use English as a foreign language.
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What are the three main types of colonisation?
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Progressive territorial expansion, exploitation of bodies, and colonisation of the mind
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Conservative ideology, territorial expansion, and exploitation of resources
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Reactionary political ideology, exploitation of resources, and expansion of power
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Linguistic, colonisation of the mind, and capitalist economy
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Linguistic imperialism favours one language over others in a way that parallels societal structures.
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Three important actors in linguistic imperialism discussed in the lecture are...
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Private linguistic institutions
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Governmental institutions
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Religious missionaries
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Small community organisations
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Family
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School and educational instututes
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Military
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What have we learnt from post colonial linguistics?
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That post-colonial nations with linguistically diverse citizens recognise the importance of European languages for wider communication
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An explanation of perceived language and use, such as beliefs about articulation and rationalisation or justification
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An investigation of social and ideological significance of language and conception in nature of language and use
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It underpins ethnic struggles
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Which best describes 'art as panhuman'?
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Inherently global feature, motivated by art for art's sake
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Art ties in with economics and politics,a representation of primitivism and/or cultural heritage and identity
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Refers to culture and globalisation were we ascribe more value to art, defamiliarise subjects, and challenge the ideological hegemony
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Art occurs all around the world, often serving religious functions, capturing the essence of the subject in the images and therefore controlling them
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What were the three types of portraitures?
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Generic, emblematic, and representational
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Characteristic, symbolic, and representational
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Idiosyncrasy, emblematic, and represntation
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Symbolic, rendering, and depction
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Globalisation is a process, not a system.
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What were the three identity subjects described by Hall?
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Enlightenment subject
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Postmodern subject
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Sociological subject
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Primitive subject
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Posthuman subject
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Paradoxical subject
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Modern subject
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Subjective subject
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The uncanny valley theory shows us that as objects with human features look more like natural human beings, there is a dip in familiarity and a feeling of revulsion amongst people.
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What were the three blows to human ego
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The earth is not the centre of the universe
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The human species is not unique
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The human mind is not entirely in control
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Emotions are not rational
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Some developments are universal
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What best describes 'anti-globalisation?' (can pick more than one
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Against the neo-liberal aspect of globalisation
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Shift towards counter-globalisation
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No globalisation without representation
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Against formation of global networks
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Anti-western movement
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Form of western neo-imperialism
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Against the capitalist nature of globalisation
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In the lecture, we discussed that cultural globalisation is the mixing of contemporary enabled by what? (can pick more than one)
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Patterns of population movement
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Generalised accelerating globalisation
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Globalisation of electronic communications
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Patterns of population growth
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Changes in societal structures
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Innovations in popular culture in media
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In all the definitions of colonialism given, there is no mention of the indigenous people.
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What did the psychopathology of colonisation discuss?
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The socio-psychological effects of colonialism and the objectification of people with different skin colour
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The socio-psychological effect of colonialism and the stripping of natural resources and exploitation of colonised lang and people
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The psychological impact of linguistic imperialism and colonial language policy on the indigenous people
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The psychological impact on society as a result of globalisation and the implementation of capitalist economic systems
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The Holy Trinity of Postcolonial Theory is composed up of which 3 theorists?
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Mimicry is the breakdown of authority of the coloniser by the colonised through appropriating elements of the coloniser, intervening with the traditional power structure.
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What are the five 'scapes' described by Appadurai?
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Ethnoscape: peoples' movements
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Mediascape: media and how it represents the world
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Technoscape: global configuration of the world
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Financescape: distribution of global capital
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Ideoscape: distribution of ideologies
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Politiscape: political structure within a community
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Globalscape: globalisation and how it effects the world
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Telescape: communications and how innovations change rate of information distribution
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Acculturation is the west incorporating non-western cultural aspects into own culture.
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What are the three linguistic frames of reference?
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Relative, absolute, and intrinsic
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Comparative, definitive, and intrinsic
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Relative, definitive, and inherent
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Definitive, intrinsic, and inherent
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Communicative competence is the knowledge of how to communicate in certain situations.
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Pragmatic failure is a misunderstanding that arises from the inability to understand a speech act as a result of grammar.
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Which describes sociopragmatic failure?
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Caused by cross-culturally different assessments of social distance, power relations, rights and obligations, impositions, taboo subjects etc. It is associated with the cross-culture iceberg because some cultural context is primarily in awareness but most out of awareness
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Force assigned to a certain linguistic structure which does not correspond to the normally assigned one in a native culture
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Teacher-induced error; transfer is done in the preferred way of native language, which is not how it would be commonly said in the target language
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What are the four typologies of multilingualism?
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Duplicating multilingualism
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Fragmentary multilingualism
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Overlapping multilingualism
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Complementary multilingualism
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Contrasting multilingualism
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Parallell multilingualism
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Repetitive multilingualism
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Idle multilingualism
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What is the posthuman predicament?
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The blurring of boundaries between humans, animals, and technology
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The importance of quantifying self
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Identity is unstable and fragmented
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The increasing importance of space relations
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Plessner claims that the difference between living and inanimate objects is that life is embodied and has boundaries, while inanimate objects have contours which we ascribe to them.
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What are the three stages of embodiment?
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Which of the following describes extrahumanism?
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Individual human enhancement
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Creating new life and genetic modification
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Creating artificial life forms
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All of the above
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Capitalism and globalisation are used (incorrectly) interchangeable as a result of a semantic shift.
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Globalisation is seen as paradoxical because it is presented as global, but theorised as anti-western.
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A paradigm shift in the globalisation process can be seen in the following...(can pick more than one)
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Decline is uneven
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Erosion of southern nation states
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Northern states making a comeback
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Erosion of the democratic system
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Criticisms of the capitalist system
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Neo-colonialsm
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How is education used as a tool for implementing colonial language policy? (can pick more than one)
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Privileging/enforcing dominant language over others
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Westernising a small segment of the population
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Civilising population
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Elevate prestige of indigenous language
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Manipulate the linguistic periphery
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Minority languages represent what elements? (can pick more than one)
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Nationalism
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Ideology
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Politics
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Conflict
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History
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Membership
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Which of the following is not a main actor in minority languages discussed in the lecture?
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Minority members
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Religious leaders
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External powers
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None of the above
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Which is not a global impact of minorities that was discussed in the lecture?
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Language is a powerful force in religious change and the spread of religion.
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In the lecture, we discussed that language and religion is multi-faceted for which of the following reasons?
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It addresses the status of particular languages in particular religions
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Religion is considered taboo
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Religion impacts language planning
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Religious eduction impacts language use
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Structural functionalism concerns...(can pick more than one)
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Effects of religion on language
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Mutuality of religion and language
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Effects of language on religion
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Language, religion, and literacy
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Effects of religion and language on social stratification
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Language, religion, and colonial exploitation