AP Biology Semester 1

cholesterol molecules

phospholipids

proteins

cellulose

chitin

they condense and form circular bodies

they move into the cytoplasm and attach to ribosomes

they attach to the nuclear envelope

they move into the cytoplasm to form the endoplasmic reticulum

they unwind for replication and transcription

apical meristem

vascular cambium

cork cambium

secondary xylem

primary phloem

resources are limited

traits are inherited

there is variation in traits among individuals in a population

individuals change in order to adapt

individuals compete for resources

photosynthesis

respiration

dentrification

nitrification

transpiration

algae

bacteria

cyanobacteria

slime molds

fungi

It can operate in either the 3' -> 5' or 5' -> 3' direction.

It can initiate DNA replication.

It operates continuously without interruption on either DNA strand.

It can copy a mutation from the template strand to the replicate strand.

It requires no other enzymes to assemble DNA.

decreases as O2 enters the thylakoid

decreases as H+ accumulates inside the thylakoid from photolysis

only decreases in the dark

is always greater than the pH of the stroma

decreases as ATP is generated across the thylakoid membrane

ferns

angiosperms

gymnosperms

flowering plants

conifers

in the matrix

in the stroma

in the cytoplasm

between the crista membrane and the mitochondrial membrane

outside the thylakoids

cotyledon digestion->inhibition->root growth->shoot growth

inbibition-> cotyledon digestion->root growth->shoot growth

inbibition->root growth->shoot growth->cotyledon digestion

root growth->shoot growth->inbibition->cotyledon digestion

root growth->inbibition->shoot growth->cotyledon digestion

pumps a smaller volume of blood with each heart beat

takes longer to reach a maximum heart rate

delivers the same amount of oxygen to the circulatory system with each heart beat

requires more oxygen for the same amount of muscle contraction

is more likely to skip heart beats

require H2O

generate NADP

generate oxygen

generate PGAL

generate ATP

large intestine

postsynaptic membranes of a neuron

loop of Henle

alveolus

urethra

only members of Archaea have a nuclear envelope

only member of Archaea have a circular chromosome

only member of Bacteria have peptidoglycans in their cell walls

only members of Bacteria have membrane enclosed organelles

only members of Bacteria have plasma membranes with lipids

energy flows in one direction: from producers to primary consumers, to secondary consumers, to tertiary consumers

most of the energy transferred out of one trophic level is lost before passing into the next higher trophic level

the ultimate source of most energy entering an ecosystem is the sun

heat generated by organisms represents a loss of energy to the ecosystem

energy is recycled in an ecosystem

ammonification

cellular respiration

decay

photosynthesis

transpiration

asexual

heterotrophic

embryonic

determinant

eukaryotic

anaphase

telophase

metaphase

prophase

interphase

glycolysis

oxidative phosphorylation

Krebs cycle

alcohol fermentation

lactic acid fermentation

cerebellum

medulla oblongata

optic chiasma

corpus callosum

cerebral cortex

proteins

disaccharides

polysaccharides

steroids

triglycerides

the development of RNA like molecules with enzymatic functions

the appearance of oxygen in the atmosphere

the development of photosynthesis

the development of respiration

the development of DNA in protected pools of water

fetal cells

liver cells

cancer cells

nerve cells

embryonic stem cells

mitochondrion

lysosome

centriole

central vacuole

nucleus

cross section of muscle tissue

cross section of an anther

longitudinal section of a shoot tip

endosperm of a dormant seed

cross section of a leaf

light absorption occurs in the thylakoid membranes

oxygen is generated during photolysis

CO2 concentrates inside the thylakoid

ATP is generated as protons move from inside the thylakoid to the stroma

glucose is produced in the stroma

90%

75%

60%

50%

25%

apical meristem

plumule

hypoctoyl

cotyledon

coleptile

Many shrubs in Southern California and South Africa possess thick, shiny leaves and are well adapted to fire, characteristics well suited to their Mediterranean type habit, yet the plants of Southern California and South Africa are not closely related

Closely related species share higher percentages of DNA than species more distantly related

Tails and gill arches appear during the development of human embryos

Whales do not have hind legs, but small, nonfunctional bones that resemble leg and foot bones are present

Acquired characteristics, such as the dwarf-like appearance in bonsai that results when trees are closely pruned, can be passed on to offspring

glycolysis and Krebs cycle

glycolysis and alcohol fermentation

Krebs cycle and alcohol fermentatioin

alcohol fermentation, lactic acid fermentation, and oxidative phosphorylation

Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

The surface water cools

The surface water warms

The surface water temperature remains unchanged

The amount of energy stored in water molecules remaining in the pond increases

The pH of the remaining water decreases