L41,42 Background/Pathology IHD

Beschreibung

PHCY310 Quiz am L41,42 Background/Pathology IHD, erstellt von Mer Scott am 19/05/2019.
Mer Scott
Quiz von Mer Scott, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
Mer Scott
Erstellt von Mer Scott vor mehr als 5 Jahre
13
0

Zusammenfassung der Ressource

Frage 1

Frage
Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) is the same thing as coronary artery disease (CAD) and coronary heart disease (CHD).
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 2

Frage
Atherosclerosis, a [blank_start]lipid[blank_end] deposition in the subendothelial space, causes IHD. There is endothelial dysfunction with [blank_start]decreased[blank_end] production of NO, less [blank_start]vasodilation[blank_end], increased risk of platelet [blank_start]adhesion[blank_end]. An influx of lipid scavenger cells ([blank_start]macrophages[blank_end]) cause inflammation, calcification and [blank_start]narrowing[blank_end] of the blood vessel by increasing plaque formation.
Antworten
  • lipid
  • decreased
  • vasodilation
  • adhesion
  • macrophages
  • narrowing

Frage 3

Frage
Atherosclerotic plaque rupture causes a release of [blank_start]tissue[blank_end] factor (TF) and von Willebrand factor (vWF) vWF. More [blank_start]platelets[blank_end] adhere, activate, and aggregate. The coagulation cascade activates resulting in [blank_start]fibrinogen[blank_end] binding platelets to one another causing clot ([blank_start]thrombus[blank_end]) formation.
Antworten
  • tissue
  • platelets
  • fibrinogen
  • thrombus

Frage 4

Frage
Which of these is not a risk factor for IHD?
Antworten
  • Diabetes
  • Obesity
  • Smoking
  • Being a woman over 45
  • Alcohol overconsumption
  • Being a man over 45

Frage 5

Frage
Choose the incorrect statement.
Antworten
  • Stable angina is a chronic form of IHD.
  • Unstable angina is an acute coronary syndrome.
  • Acute coronary syndromes are forms of IHD.
  • A STEMI is an acute coronoary syndrome while and NSTEMI is a chronic form of IHD.

Frage 6

Frage
Chronic stable angina is the initial manifestation of IHD in about 50% of patients. It is often caused by obstructive [blank_start]atherosclerotic[blank_end] lesions in the coronary arteries. Vasospasm at the site of an atherosclerotic plaque may further [blank_start]constrict[blank_end] blood flow and contribute to angina. Stable angina is characterised by a plaque with a thick fibrous cap and relatively [blank_start]small[blank_end] lipid core. Patients are generally in no acute distress and describe stable angina pain as a sensation of pressure, heaviness, tightness, or squeezing in the anterior [blank_start]chest[blank_end] area. Pain may radiate to the neck, jaw, shoulder, back, or arm and may be accompanied by dyspnoea, nausea, vomiting, or diaphoresis. Pain lasts a few [blank_start]minutes[blank_end] and is often provoked by [blank_start]exertion[blank_end] (e.g. walking, climbing stairs, gardening) or emotional stress; and relieved within minutes by [blank_start]rest[blank_end] or with sublingual nitroglycerin.
Antworten
  • atherosclerotic
  • constrict
  • small
  • chest
  • minutes
  • exertion
  • rest

Frage 7

Frage
Acute coronary syndrome is the first sign of IHD in about 50% of patients.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 8

Frage
Principles of treatment: 1. Angina: Increase myocardial O2 supply (by [blank_start]dilating[blank_end] the cardiac vasculature) and decrease O2 demand (by decreasing heart [blank_start]rate[blank_end], myocardial [blank_start]contractility[blank_end], and afterload) 2. ACS: Re-vascularisation/re-perfusion with mechanical or chemical Tx. - Mechanical: Percutaneous coronary intervention ([blank_start]PCI[blank_end]) = Angiography or [blank_start]angioplasty[blank_end] (using a balloon or a stent), or Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) - Chemical: Anti-platelets or Anti-coagulants or Fibrinolytics
Antworten
  • dilating
  • rate
  • contractility
  • PCI
  • angioplasty

Frage 9

Frage
Match the drug treatment to the purpose for IHD. - Dilate blood vessels and reduce cardiac load: [blank_start]nitrates, CCBs, ACEIs/ARBs, B-blockers[blank_end] - Stabilise atherosclerotic plaques: [blank_start]statins and other lipid-lowering meds[blank_end] - Prevent platelet aggregation: [blank_start]anti-platelets[blank_end] - Prevent propagation of thrombus: [blank_start]anti-coagulants[blank_end] - Break down thrombus: [blank_start]fibrinolytics[blank_end] - Pain relief: [blank_start]morphine[blank_end]
Antworten
  • nitrates, CCBs, ACEIs/ARBs, B-blockers
  • statins and other lipid-lowering meds
  • anti-platelets
  • anti-coagulants
  • fibrinolytics
  • morphine

Frage 10

Frage
Nitrates are [blank_start]prodrugs[blank_end] that donate nitric oxide, NO. NO increases intracellular [blank_start]cGMP[blank_end], which relaxes [blank_start]smooth[blank_end] muscle cells and causes vasodilation. Frequent or high doses are associated with [blank_start]tolerance[blank_end].
Antworten
  • prodrugs
  • cGMP
  • smooth
  • tolerance

Frage 11

Frage
Which of these is not a side effect of nitrates?
Antworten
  • Hypotension
  • Flushing
  • Headache
  • Dizziness
  • Hypertension

Frage 12

Frage
Common DHP CCBs are [blank_start]amlodipine and felodipine[blank_end]. Non-DHP CCBS are [blank_start]verapamil and diltiazem[blank_end]. [blank_start]CCBs[blank_end] can cause headache, flushing, dizziness/postural hypotension, peripheral oedema, and constipation. [blank_start]Non-DHP CCBs[blank_end] can cause bradycardia (caution if patient is on a beta blocker).
Antworten
  • amlodipine and felodipine
  • verapamil and diltiazem
  • CCBs
  • Non-DHP CCBs

Frage 13

Frage
ACE inhibitors can cause cough due to the build up of bradykinin (which is broken down by ACE).
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 14

Frage
If we give a β-blocker then we anticipate an increase in HR, and bronchial relaxation.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 15

Frage
Anti-platelets: 1. Aspirin: Inhibits [blank_start]COX-1[blank_end] which decreases [blank_start]TxA2[blank_end] meaning less activation and aggregation. 2. Thienopyridines (e.g. [blank_start]clopidogrel, ticagrelor[blank_end]): Inhibits [blank_start]ADP[blank_end] receptor P2Y12 to decrease [blank_start]activation[blank_end] 3. GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors (e.g. [blank_start]abciximab, tirofiban[blank_end]): Inhibit [blank_start]GPIIb/IIIa[blank_end] receptor to decrease [blank_start]aggregation[blank_end]
Antworten
  • COX-1
  • TxA2
  • clopidogrel, ticagrelor
  • ADP
  • activation
  • abciximab, tirofiban
  • aggregation
  • GPIIb/IIIa

Frage 16

Frage
Anti-coagulants inhibit formation and propagation of thrombi in arteries and veins. In ACS mainly the heparins are used. 1. Unfractionated heparin (UFH) increases the [blank_start]inhibitory[blank_end] action of anti-thrombin (AT) on factors [blank_start]Xa and IIa[blank_end] (and to some extent XIIa, XIa, and IXa). 2. Low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) increase the inhibitor action of AT on factor [blank_start]Xa >> IIa[blank_end]. LMWH (e.g. enoxaparin) have a [blank_start]smaller[blank_end] molecular weight than UFH, a longer [blank_start]half-life[blank_end], and can be administered [blank_start]subcutaneously[blank_end] (self-administered).
Antworten
  • inhibitory
  • Xa and IIa
  • Xa >> IIa
  • smaller
  • half-life
  • subcutaneously

Frage 17

Frage
Fibrinolytics break down fibrin stabilised clots. They are used more in pulmonary [blank_start]embolism[blank_end] or stroke than in IHD. Examples are [blank_start]alteplase and reteplase[blank_end], synthetic tissue plasminogen activators ([blank_start]tPAs[blank_end]).
Antworten
  • embolism
  • alteplase and reteplase
  • tPAs
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