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A lot of work in organizations is done in groups or teams
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Eventhough new organizational forms exist, team work is not becoming increasingly important
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Groups are affected by the social psychology of interaction
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Basic Distinctions are for example Task vs. Specific task
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Basic Distinction: open.ended vs. specific task
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A Basic Issue is for expample that task and process are aligned
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Inherent tension between individual and group is not a basic issue
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Group size matters: less than 10 most effective
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There is a need for right mix of skills and diversity
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The Extended Tuckmann (1965) Model is about Group Development
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The Extended Tuckmann Model has 6 Phases
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The last phase of the Extended Tuckmann Model is
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Forming
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Storming
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Norming
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Performing
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Adjourning
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Mourning
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Storming: conflict as different ideas of acceptable behavior collide and a hierarchy is established
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Adjourning: Group marks its end, often with social ritual
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Group now engages fully with task
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Forming
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Performing
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Storming
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Where roles are very formal and well-defined, there no storming and performing is immediate
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Groups may never reach the performing stage, if conflicts are never resolved
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Groups still mourn, even tough norms habe not been created
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Individuals habitually fall into the same role whatever group they may be in
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Functional groups do not require that individual habits map on to group requirements
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All Memeber roles (eg. Yes-sayer, No-sayer) can have value
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Key to functionality is balance
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Attribution: Assumptions are made which force group members into roles that they are not suited to
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Splitting: People split the world into good and bad, as a result of self-trained behavior
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Projection - the effect of splitting which leads individuals to deny any "bad" in themselves and ascribe it to others
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Introjecton is the opposite of projection, but not an effect of splitting
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Eg of Inrojection: Followers see themselves as worthless and leaders as perfect
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Psychological Investment : individuals work in groups/teams they engage in a group dynamic
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Engagement in a group dynamic always happens consciously
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Taking of roles reflects anxiety about what would be the consequence of not doing so
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a common group problem is : Groupthink
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Individual judgment is lost beaches group becomes infatuated with its own norms - still this is not a common group problem
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Risk handling is a common group problem
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Risk handling: Group decision are normally distrusted and individual decisions cluster around high and low risk propositions
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Freeloading is not a common group problem
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Freeloading: Individuals make a less than full contribution to group effort
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Handling difference: groups with varied cultural background find it hard to reach group norms
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Handling difference: with groups with varied cultural background reach a group norm, they can still not outperform homogenous groups
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group of people is primed to give the same wrong answer on a question
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research subject has not been primed
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research object gives the same wrong answer
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research object gives different answer then everyone else
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groupthink occurred
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groupthink didn't occurred
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Too limited coordination is not a problem of working virtually
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Sense of surveillance is a difficulty of working virtually
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Successful work in groups requires some self-awareness
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because trust is required for a successful work, limits are posed to virtual forms of group work