Frage 1
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The testes and ovaries (AKA [blank_start]gonads[blank_end]) are primary sex organs which create sperm and eggs (AKA [blank_start]gametes[blank_end]). Secondary sex organs (essential to reproduction) in males are the [blank_start]glands, ducts[blank_end], and penis, and in females are the [blank_start]uterine tubes, uterus[blank_end], and vagina.
Antworten
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gonads
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gametes
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glands, ducts
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uterine tubes, uterus
Frage 2
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Testes:
- produce sperm cells ([blank_start]gametogenesis[blank_end])
- secret testosterone by interstitial ([blank_start]Leydig[blank_end]) cells
Sertoli cells:
– extend from [blank_start]basement[blank_end] membrane to [blank_start]lumen[blank_end] in the testes
– form blood-testis barrier, support [blank_start]developing[blank_end] sperm cells
– produce [blank_start]fluid[blank_end] & control [blank_start]release[blank_end] of sperm into lumen
– secrete [blank_start]inhibin[blank_end] which slows sperm production
Scrotum:
- Sac of loose skin, fascia & [blank_start]smooth[blank_end] muscle divided by a septum
- Protect and maintain the temperature of the testes [blank_start]2[blank_end] degrees lower than body temperature
Epididymus:
- [blank_start]storage[blank_end] site of sperm cells.
- absorbs about [blank_start]90%[blank_end] of the fluid secreted by the testis
- sperm remain stored here for [blank_start]40-60[blank_end] days and are absorbed if not ejaculated prior to that time
Antworten
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gametogenesis
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Leydig
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basement
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lumen
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developing
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fluid
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release
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inhibin
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smooth
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2
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storage
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90%
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40-60
Frage 3
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Semen is a mixture of secretions from epididymis, seminal vesicle, prostate, and bulbourethral gland.
Major constituents of semen:
• Sperm - [blank_start]acrosome[blank_end] over head are enzymes used to dissolve a path to penetrate the egg, nucleus with genes in body, tail powered by [blank_start]mitochondria[blank_end]. 50-120 million sperm/mL.
• Fructose - energy for the sperm.
• Clotting and anticoagulant factors - semen clots like [blank_start]blood[blank_end]. About 15-30 minutes later, anticoagulant factors dissolve the clot.
• Prostaglandins - stimulate [blank_start]peristaltic contractions[blank_end] of the female reproductive tract that may help draw semen into the uterus
• Spermine - is a [blank_start]base[blank_end] that reduces acidity of the female vagina, increasing the survival rate of sperm.
Antworten
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acrosome
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mitochondria
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blood
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peristaltic contractions
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base
Frage 4
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Ejactulation:
• Initiated by [blank_start]sympathetic[blank_end] nerve impulses
• The ducts and accessory glands contract, emptying their contents into the [blank_start]urethra[blank_end].
• The urethral [blank_start]sphincters[blank_end] constrict.
• The [blank_start]bulbospongiosus[blank_end] muscles of the penis contract rapidly and rhythmically, propelling semen from the urethra.
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sympathetic
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parasympathetic
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urethra
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seminal tract
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sphincters
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bulbospongiosus
Frage 5
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Sperm is viable for 2 days (egg: 12-24 hr).
Frage 6
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Choose the incorrect statement.
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The hypothalamus links CNS to endocrine system.
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The hypothalamus is located just below the thalamus
and above the brainstem.
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The pituitary is the secondary hormonal gland.
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The pituitary is located at the base of the hypothalamus in the brain.
Frage 7
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Hypothalamus-pituitary axes to target gonads:
1. Hypothalamus makes [blank_start]GnRH or LHRH[blank_end] (gonadotrophins)
2. Pituitary makes [blank_start]FSH and LH[blank_end]
3. FSH and LH target [blank_start]gonads[blank_end]
4. Gonads make estrogen, progesterone, or testosterone
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GnRH or LHRH
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FSH and LH
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gonads
Frage 8
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Hypothalamus-pituitary axes to target breasts:
1. Hypothalamus makes [blank_start]PRH[blank_end]
2. AP makes [blank_start]prolaction[blank_end]
3. Breasts make malk
Frage 9
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GRH is naturally released in a [blank_start]pulsatile[blank_end] manner.
Clinical uses:
• Continuous gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist or
antagonist:
- [blank_start]Reduces[blank_end] the release of FSH & LH
- Used to treat various sex-hormone dependent [blank_start]conditions[blank_end] such as breast and prostate cancer, endometriosis
• Pulsatile gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist:
- [blank_start]Fertility[blank_end] treatment
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pulsatile
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Fertility
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Reduces
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conditions
Frage 10
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Testosterone releases in a pulse-like manner in 1-3 hr intervals.