Rec 9/6

In a neuron, ______ receives inputs from other neurons, _______ integrates information, and ________ transmits the output of processing to other neurons.

How do neurons differ from other cells?

Protein synthesis occurs in the [blank_start]cytosol (via ribosomes)[blank_end]. Because DNA does not leave the [blank_start]nucleus[blank_end], the intermediary, called [blank_start]mRNA[blank_end] must be formed during the process of transcription.

Alternative splicing refers to:

In 1800, [blank_start]Galvani[blank_end] and [blank_start]Reymond[blank_end] proposed that electrical stimulation of nerves causes muscle movement.

Camilo Golgi argued for [blank_start]reticular[blank_end] formation of the brain after he used [blank_start]silver chromate (Golgi stain)[blank_end] that stained a small percentage of neurons and stained those neurons in their [blank_start]entirety[blank_end].

[blank_start]Brodmann[blank_end]'s work has laid the foundation for defining 50 distinct regions of neocortex.

Charles Bell and Francois Magendie hypothesized that [blank_start]dorsal[blank_end] roots of the spinal cord carry sensory information into the brain, while [blank_start]ventral[blank_end] roots carry information into muscles.

Proteins synthesized on [blank_start]free floating ribosomes[blank_end] are destined for internal structures including [blank_start]nucleus, mitochondria, etc[blank_end].

Proteins synthesized on [blank_start]rough ER[blank_end] are destined to be inserted into the [blank_start]plasma membrane[blank_end] or [blank_start]vesicles[blank_end] to be released later on from neurons.

The function of [blank_start]mitochondria[blank_end] is to import oxygen and use it in a series of complex biochemical processes called Krebs Cycle and ETC to produce the energy source of the cell.

[blank_start]Golgi bodies[blank_end] and [blank_start]rough ER[blank_end] are the sites where proteins are modified and folded.

In order to determine the function of genes that are "neuron-specific," genetic engineering methods can be used to [blank_start]knock in[blank_end] or [blank_start]knock out[blank_end] a given gene. Ex. 1 [blank_start]Knock in - HR insert[blank_end] Ex. 2 [blank_start]Knock out - NHEJ delete[blank_end]

A single nucleotide is composed of a phosphate group, a [blank_start]pentose[blank_end], and a [blank_start]nitrogenous base[blank_end].

The fluid inside every cell is called [blank_start]cytosol[blank_end].

The [blank_start]Nissl[blank_end] stain allows you to label cell bodies and ribosomes.

Since DNA does not ever leave the nucleus, a special intermediary molecule called [blank_start]ribosomal ribonucleic acid (mRNA)[blank_end] must be formed.

According to the [blank_start]reticular theory[blank_end], nerves are like continuous wires that transmit signals from one location to another.

DNA [blank_start]microarrays[blank_end] are useful because they can help determine which genes are expressed uniquely in neurons via relative abundance of mRNA.

Current [blank_start]genetic engineering[blank_end] methods include Cre-lox recombination, Zinc-Finger Proteins, or CRISPR CAS9.

Signal recognition particles may direct the ribosome to [blank_start]rough[blank_end] endoplasmic reticulum.

The first [blank_start]electron[blank_end] microscope images in the [blank_start]1950s[blank_end] that were taken of neurons offered very strong evidence for the neuron doctrine.

The plasma membrane is a lipid bilayer with [blank_start]hydrophilic[blank_end] parts on the outside and [blank_start]hydrophobic[blank_end] parts on the inside.

[blank_start]Substrate[blank_end] goes freely through the plasma membrane.

Salt gradients require [blank_start]a lot[blank_end] of energy to maintain.

The ribosome is comprised of a small and large subunit; the free floating [blank_start]small[blank_end] finds the mRNA first and recruits the [blank_start]large[blank_end].

Walk through transcription and translation from DNA to secreted, cytosol bound, or membrane protein[blank_start]s.[blank_end]

Two types of Neurites that extend from neurons. [blank_start]Dendrites[blank_end]: [blank_start]shorter[blank_end], [blank_start]unmyelinated[blank_end], [blank_start]have ribosomes for protein synthesis[blank_end], [blank_start]spines[blank_end]. [blank_start]Axons[blank_end]: [blank_start]Myelination[blank_end], [blank_start]longer[blank_end], [blank_start]rarely branching (only at 90 degrees)[blank_end], [blank_start]nodes of Ranvier[blank_end]

Three main components of cytoskeleton are: [blank_start]microfilaments[blank_end], [blank_start]microtubules[blank_end], and [blank_start]neurofilaments[blank_end].

List functions of the cytoskeleton: [blank_start]provides structure[blank_end], [blank_start]transports stuff[blank_end], [blank_start]allows flexibility for cell migration[blank_end], [blank_start]cell division[blank_end]

The [blank_start]axon hillock[blank_end] forms the initial part of the axon as it emerges from the soma.

The [blank_start]terminal boutons[blank_end] is the site of termination of axon; forms a [blank_start]synapse[blank_end] with receiving membrane.

Axons lack [blank_start]ribosomes[blank_end] and all proteins must be transported from the [blank_start]soma[blank_end].

Fast axonal transport is carried out through the use of what cytoskeletal machinery? [blank_start]Microtubules (kinesins and dynein)[blank_end]

Alzheimer's is thought to be due to what failing structure - what causes this structure to fail? [blank_start]tau proteins fail (stabilizer)[blank_end] leads to [blank_start]microtubules failing[blank_end]

[blank_start]Anterograde[blank_end] transport is directed towards the terminal and utilizes [blank_start]kinesins[blank_end] while [blank_start]retrograde[blank_end] transport is directed towards the soma and uses [blank_start]dyneins[blank_end].

Neurons can be classified based on the number of [blank_start]direct neurites (processes)[blank_end], 1 referring to [blank_start]unipolar[blank_end] cells, 2 to [blank_start]bipolar[blank_end] cells, and more as [blank_start]multipolar[blank_end].

What are other ways to classify neurons? [blank_start]Spines[blank_end], [blank_start]morphology[blank_end] (length, arborization of dendrites)

Spines can preform translation due to [blank_start]ribosomes[blank_end].

What is the purpose of spines? What happens if they are malformed? [blank_start]Learning and memory (flexibility)[blank_end] Same amount of NT will excite more with repeated firing. Unused dendrites will lose spines.

[blank_start]Bipolar neurons[blank_end] have two neurites, most likely to be interneurons.

[blank_start]Multipolar cells[blank_end] are likely to be motor neurons

[blank_start]Motor neurons[blank_end] are likely to be found in ventral roots

List four types of glial cells. [blank_start]?[blank_end]

[blank_start]Oligodendrocytes[blank_end] myelinate single axons in the PNS while [blank_start]Schwann cells[blank_end] are also responsible for myelinating single axons in the CNS

List factors that can activate microglia. Microglia are to the brain as [blank_start]?[blank_end] are to the rest of the body.

Some functions of astrocytes: ?[blank_start]?[blank_end]