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Shoot & root are the two types of [blank_start]organ[blank_end] systems in plants
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The shoot system consists of [blank_start]stems[blank_end] which transport water & nutrients and provide support and [blank_start]leaves[blank_end] which are responsible for photosynthesis & gas exchange
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Stem system
[blank_start]Axillary buds[blank_end]: contain potential to develop into a branch and are controlled by terminal bud
[blank_start]Nodes[blank_end]: where leaves attach to a stem & axillary buds develop
[blank_start]Apical bud/shoot apical meristem[blank_end]: where new shoot system cells are produced, allowing plant to grow upwards
[blank_start]Internodes[blank_end]: stem areas that elongate to spread leaves apart & optimize exposure to sunlight
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Leaves
Leaf cells are rich in light-harvesting [blank_start]chlorophyll[blank_end] pigment
Composed of a flat, thin [blank_start]blade[blank_end] responsible for capturing sunlight that are webbed with [blank_start]veins[blank_end] that act as internal plumbing
Covered in waxy [blank_start]cuticle[blank_end] to prevent drying
Have pores called [blank_start]stomata[blank_end] on surface responsible for capturing CO2 and releasing oxygen
Leaf blades are often attached to main stem via a thin, sturdy [blank_start]petiole[blank_end] responsible for holding blade upright
Antworten
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chlorophyll
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blade
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veins
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cuticle
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stomata
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strobili
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pectin
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nodes
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petiole
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Another word for leaf arrangement is [blank_start]phyllotaxy[blank_end]
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Label the types of leaf arrangement
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Basal
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Alternate
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Opposite
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Whorled
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Leaf form
There are two forms of [blank_start]broad[blank_end] leaves differentiated by the way the leaf [blank_start]blade[blank_end] (also called lamina or the widest portion of the leaf) is divided
[blank_start]Simple[blank_end]: undivided blades
[blank_start]Compound[blank_end]: blades fully divide into leaflets separated along one or more veins
[blank_start]Needles[blank_end] are the third form that differ from broad leaf types
Antworten
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broad
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blade
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Simple
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Compound
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Needles
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Compound leaves can be [blank_start]pinnately[blank_end] (leaflets on both sides of the petiole) or [blank_start]palmately[blank_end] (radiating from a single point of the petiole) divided
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Select all that are true for needles
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Type of broad leaf
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Seperated along secondary vein
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Large amount of light-absorptive surface area
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Leaf type of evergreens
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Leaf type of deciduous plants
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Can last several years
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Only last one growing season
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Have a metabolic advantage over deciduous plants
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Have a metabolic disadvantage over deciduous plants
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[blank_start]Deciduous[blank_end] is the type of tree comprised of broad leaves
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Leaf [blank_start]venation[blank_end]: provide transportation of water & nutrients
Leaf [blank_start]margin[blank_end]: makes it easier for wind to carry away heat and water vapor
Leaf [blank_start]shape[blank_end]: help with temperature regulation, water loss, or light absorption
Antworten
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venation
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margin
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shape
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needles
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parenchyma
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Leaf venation
[blank_start]Parallel[blank_end] venation (all veins running in the same direction) is usually found in [blank_start]monocots[blank_end]
[blank_start]Reticulate[blank_end] venation (veins forming a net-like webbing) is usually found in [blank_start]dicots[blank_end]
[blank_start]Pinnate[blank_end] - single midrib and secondary veins branching off at intervals
[blank_start]Palmate[blank_end] - primary veins radiate from a single point near base
Antworten
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Parallel
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Reticulate
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monocots
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dicots
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Pinnate
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Palmate
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Leaf margins
[blank_start]Entire[blank_end] - smooth, complete edge
[blank_start]Lobed[blank_end] - indentation of the edge towards the midrib
[blank_start]Toothed[blank_end] - saw-like edge with small teeth
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Leaf shape
[blank_start]Long[blank_end] leaves help with temperature regulation, good for [blank_start]hot[blank_end] conditions
[blank_start]Thin[blank_end] leaves help prevent water loss, good for [blank_start]dry[blank_end] conditions
[blank_start]Large, broad[blank_end] leaves harvest lots of light, good for [blank_start]gloomy[blank_end] conditions
Antworten
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Long
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Thin
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Large, broad
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hot
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dry
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gloomy
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Long term changes are called [blank_start]adaptations[blank_end] while short term changes are called [blank_start]plasticity[blank_end]
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Leaves that receive lots of sunlight tend to be [blank_start]smaller[blank_end] with [blank_start]complex[blank_end] edges
Leaves in more shaded environments are usually [blank_start]larger[blank_end] with [blank_start]less-complex[blank_end] edges
Antworten
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smaller
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larger
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complex
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less-complex
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Leaf surface types
[blank_start]Glabrous[blank_end] - smooth; help encourage shedding [blank_start]water[blank_end] to prevent interference with light capture or gas exchange - wet environment
[blank_start]Pubescent[blank_end] - hairy; help insulate the leaf in cold or heat, prevent excessive water loss and provide [blank_start]UV[blank_end] protection under high light - arid environment
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Glabrous
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water
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Pubescent
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UV
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[blank_start]Roots[blank_end]: uptake of water/nutrients, anchorage, [blank_start]storage[blank_end]
[blank_start]Stems[blank_end]: support plant, [blank_start]transfer nutrients/water[blank_end]
[blank_start]Leaves[blank_end]: photosynthesis, [blank_start]gas exchange[blank_end]
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Roots
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storage
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Stems
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transfer nutrients/water
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Leaves
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gas exchange
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Roots absorb water at tips through [blank_start]root hairs[blank_end]
[blank_start]Root apical meristems[blank_end] are where new root cells are produced so roots can grow downward
[blank_start]Coarse[blank_end] roots provide stability, storage, [blank_start]transport[blank_end], exhibit branching
[blank_start]Fine[blank_end] roots are responsible for water and nutrient [blank_start]uptake[blank_end] due to highly permeable membranes
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root hairs
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Root apical meristems
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Coarse
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Fine
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transport
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uptake
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Root systems
[blank_start]Fibrous[blank_end] roots - where the primary root is replaced by a mass of roots developing from stem base & helps with water and mineral absorption and stabilization
[blank_start]Adventitious[blank_end] roots - develop from shoot system, [blank_start]can be above or underground[blank_end], increase stability and allow plant to reproduce asexually
[blank_start]Tap[blank_end] roots - single, stout, primary root growing from stem base with thinner lateral roots growing from it, is best for [blank_start]anchorage[blank_end] & accessing [blank_start]deep sources of water[blank_end]
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Root architecture
In well-drained uplands, roots [blank_start]grow deep to reach rainwater[blank_end]
In waterlogged lowlands, roots [blank_start]stay shallow[blank_end]
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Label parts of leaf
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Tip
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Midrib
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Margin
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Vein
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Petiole
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Blade
Frage 23
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Select all the abiotic factors
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Fungi
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Inorganic nutrients
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Soil
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Other plants
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Wind
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Bacteria
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Sunlight
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Temperature
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Water
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Animals
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[blank_start]Biotic[blank_end] factors are the living things in an ecosystem
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Root modifications
Storage
[blank_start]Root tubers[blank_end] are adventitious or tap roots with increased storage capacity that can protect from cold damage
Aeration
[blank_start]Pneumatophores[blank_end] are air-breathing roots that grow vertically upwards from submerged roots typically found in swampy areas
Support
[blank_start]Buttress roots[blank_end] are huge, wedge-shaped portions of roots that give support in soft, wet soil
[blank_start]Prop roots[blank_end] serve are adventitious roots that arise some distance up the stem growing downward to ground and offer support
[blank_start]Floating roots[blank_end] are spongy adventitious roots with large air pockets that help keep a plant buoyant in aquatic environment
[blank_start]Climbing roots[blank_end] are adventitious roots that emerge from the stem in contact with a supportive surface
Absorption
[blank_start]Epiphytic roots[blank_end] are hanging aerial roots covered by a thin greyish layer of tissue known as velamen that can absorb moisture from air
[blank_start]Parasitic roots[blank_end] are used to penetrate tissue of their host plant and absorb food and moisture
[blank_start]Nodules[blank_end] are small structures forming along roots that house nitrogen-fixing bacteri
Antworten
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Root tubers
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Pneumatophores
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Buttress roots
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Prop roots
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Floating roots
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Climbing roots
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Epiphytic roots
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Parasitic roots
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Nodules
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Storage
[blank_start]Stem tubers[blank_end] are swollen, underground stems with small depressions called eyes where a node with one or more buds occurs
[blank_start]Rhizome[blank_end] is a non-green, horizontal stem growing at or below soil surface
[blank_start]Corms[blank_end] are condensed forms of rhizomes growing in vertical direction
[blank_start]Bulbs[blank_end] are short, disc like stems with thick scale leaves surrounding terminal bud on top side and a cluster of adventitious shoots arising from bottom
[blank_start]Cladodes[blank_end] are thickened green stems swollen with water-storing tissue
Protection
[blank_start]Thorns[blank_end] are modified short branches grown from axillary buds
[blank_start]Prickles[blank_end] are not a full stem modification but come from the epidermal tissue of the internode
Support
[blank_start]Twiners[blank_end] are stems of vines and are modified to be thin and flexible
[blank_start]Tendrils[blank_end] are short branches that are modified into thread (spiral)-like, leafless structures that are meant for climbing
Reproduction
[blank_start]Runners and stolons[blank_end] are creeping stems with long internodes that run horizontally above soil surface
[blank_start]Bulbils[blank_end] are modified vegetative flowers or buds with stored food that help a plant reproduce asexually
Antworten
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Stem tubers
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Rhizome
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Corms
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Bulbs
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Cladodes
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Thorns
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Prickles
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Twiners
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Tendrils
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Runners and stolons
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Bulbils
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Storage
[blank_start]Succulent leaves[blank_end] are thick leaves that provide ample water storage during drought
Protection
[blank_start]Spines[blank_end] are modified leaves or parts of leaves that have become woody, sharp, non-photosynthetic
[blank_start]Leaf hairs[blank_end] are projections of epidermis and can vary in shape and how thickly they cover leaf surface
Support
[blank_start]Leaf tendrils[blank_end] look similar to stem tendrils and serve the same function, they next to distinct nodes and won't have any small scale-like leaves next to them
[blank_start]Floating leaves[blank_end] provide buoyancy for aquatic plants via large air-filled cavities occurring in leaf or in petiole
Reproduction
[blank_start]Bracts[blank_end] are brightly colored leaves occurring next to small, nondescript flowers that play the role of petals in attracting pollinators
[blank_start]Reproductive leaves[blank_end] have ability to form tiny plant clones at edges of their leaves from adventitious buds similar to bulbils
Nutrient acquisition
[blank_start]Carnivorous leaves[blank_end] are modified to form a trap that catches insects or small animals and then digests them using special enzymes
[blank_start]Cupped leaves[blank_end] are rosettes of smooth textured leaves that collect water in their center
Antworten
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Succulent leaves
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Spines
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Leaf hairs
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Leaf tendrils
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Floating leaves
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Bracts
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Reproductive leaves
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Carnivorous leaves
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Cupped leaves
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Root modifications [blank_start]lack nodes, leaves, and buds[blank_end]
Stem modifications [blank_start]have nodes, internodes, and buds[blank_end]
Leaf modifications [blank_start]lack nodes, buds, and adventitious roots[blank_end]
Antworten
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lack nodes, leaves, and buds
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have nodes, internodes, and buds
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lack nodes, buds, and adventitious roots
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Label the modifications
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Label the modifications
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Label the modifications
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Label the modifications
Frage 33
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Label the modifications
Frage 34
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Label parts of a stem
Antworten
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Node
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internode
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apical bud
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lateral bud
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Label types of leaf venation