PSY12 Addiction

Beschreibung

PHCY320 (Psychiatry) Quiz am PSY12 Addiction, erstellt von Mer Scott am 14/10/2019.
Mer Scott
Quiz von Mer Scott, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
Mer Scott
Erstellt von Mer Scott vor etwa 5 Jahre
1
0

Zusammenfassung der Ressource

Frage 1

Frage
Assessable Tasks By the end of this lecture you will be able to: • Describe the epidemiology and differences between recreational drug use and the diagnosis of addiction • Describe the underlying mechanisms and site of action for commonly used recreational drugs • Identify their main wanted/unwanted effects [blank_start]OK[blank_end]
Antworten
  • OK

Frage 2

Frage
Drugs ordered by overall harm scores and weights after normalisation (0–100) (Lancet, 2010) 1. [blank_start]Alcohol[blank_end] - 72/100 2. [blank_start]Heroin[blank_end] - 55/100 3. [blank_start]Crack Cocaine[blank_end] (smoked) - 54/100 4. [blank_start]Meth[blank_end] - 33/100 5. Cocaine - 27/100 6. Tobacco - 26/100 also cannabis - [blank_start]20[blank_end]/100, benzodiazepiones - [blank_start]15[blank_end]/100, methadone - [blank_start]14[blank_end]/100
Antworten
  • Alcohol
  • Heroin
  • Crack Cocaine
  • Meth
  • 20
  • 15
  • 14

Frage 3

Frage
DSM-5 Criteria for Substance Use Disorders: The 11 criteria for substance use disorder are divided into four categories of behaviour related to the substance use: 1. impaired [blank_start]control[blank_end] 2. [blank_start]social[blank_end] impairment 3. [blank_start]risky[blank_end] use 4. pharmacological indicators ([blank_start]tolerance and withdrawal[blank_end]). The severity of the substance use disorder is determined by the number of criteria the person meets: Mild - [blank_start]2 or 3[blank_end] criteria Moderate: [blank_start]4 or 5[blank_end] criteria Severe: [blank_start]6[blank_end] or more criteria Within the last 12-month period,
Antworten
  • control
  • social
  • risky
  • tolerance and withdrawal
  • 2 or 3
  • 4 or 5
  • 6

Frage 4

Frage
Probability of dependence when you have tried a drug once [blank_start]Tobacco[blank_end] - 32% [blank_start]Heroin[blank_end] - 23% [blank_start]Cocaine[blank_end] - 17% [blank_start]Alcohol[blank_end] - 15% Stimulants - 11% Anxiolytics and Cannabis - 9% [blank_start]Analgesics[blank_end] - 8%
Antworten
  • Tobacco
  • Heroin
  • Cocaine
  • Alcohol
  • Analgesics

Frage 5

Frage
Speed of drug entry into brain dictates the intensity of the ‘high’.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 6

Frage
Tolerance • Can and often occurs in the absence of [blank_start]dependence[blank_end] – reduced response after repeated administration • Usually due to receptor/[blank_start]second messenger[blank_end] desensitization and [blank_start]down[blank_end]-regulation • [blank_start]Cross-tolerance[blank_end] – repeated use of a drug in a given category confers tolerance to the drug being used AND others within the same pharmacological category. • Metabolic or [blank_start]pharmacokinetic tolerance[blank_end] - increased metabolism requires increasing doses to produce the same pharmacological effect. • [blank_start]Pharmacodynamic tolerance[blank_end] – increasing doses required to produce the same effect (learned behaviour)
Antworten
  • dependence
  • second messenger
  • down
  • Cross-tolerance
  • pharmacokinetic tolerance
  • Pharmacodynamic tolerance

Frage 7

Frage
Neurocircuitry of impulsive-compulsive behaviuor: • Associated with [blank_start]anticipation of the reward[blank_end] associated with drug, noy reward of drug • Impulsivity and compulsivity are hypothetically drives that are “[blank_start]bottom[blank_end]-up,” ie controlled by suppression of higher drives. 1 - impulsivity comes from the [blank_start]ventral striatum[blank_end] (NAc) 2 - compulsivity comes from the [blank_start]dorsal striatum[blank_end] 3 - different areas of [blank_start]prefrontal cortex[blank_end] act “[blank_start]top[blank_end]-down” to suppress these drives.
Antworten
  • anticipation of the reward
  • bottom
  • top
  • ventral striatum
  • dorsal striatum
  • prefrontal cortex

Frage 8

Frage
Addiction - shifts from [blank_start]impulsive to a compulsive[blank_end] drive, that comes with migration from [blank_start]ventral[blank_end] to [blank_start]dorsal[blank_end] circuitry. With chronic drug use, compulsivity develops, as the drive changes from [blank_start]seeking pleasure[blank_end] (impulsive) to seeking r[blank_start]elief from the withdrawal symptoms[blank_end] (compulsory) and anticipation of obtaining/consuming the drug.
Antworten
  • impulsive to a compulsive
  • ventral
  • dorsal
  • seeking pleasure
  • elief from the withdrawal symptoms

Frage 9

Frage
Choose the incorrect statement.
Antworten
  • Psychotropics bypass neurotransmitters and directly stimulate receptors causing DA release and the high.
  • Withdrawal of CNS depressants usually involves neuronal hypo-excitability with varying degrees of severity – anxiety, possible hallucinations, seizures etc.
  • Withdrawal of CNS depressants causes significant activation of the autonomic nervous system: sweats, tremors, GI disturbances
  • Inhibition of the mesolimbic DA release commonly occurs in withdrawal

Frage 10

Frage
Which of these is not a CNS stimulant/depressant?
Antworten
  • Nicotine
  • Methamphetamine
  • Cocaine
  • Caffeine
  • Alcohol
  • Benzos
  • Opioids
  • Cannabis
  • Heroin

Frage 11

Frage
Effects of Alcohol on reward: Alcohol either acts directly upon µ [blank_start]receptors[blank_end] or releases endogenous opiates such as [blank_start]encephalin and endocannabinoids[blank_end]. It causes increased [blank_start]DA[blank_end] release in [blank_start]NAc[blank_end]. Reinforcing effects also theoretically mediated by enhancing [blank_start]GABA[blank_end] inhibition and reducing [blank_start]GLU[blank_end] excitation. Factors Associated With Alcoholism • Environmental Factors 1. family or peer [blank_start]group[blank_end] behavior 2. availability of other reinforcers (e.g. recreational resources) 3. job/educational opportunities 4. conditioned stimuli ([blank_start]environmental cues[blank_end] paired with drug use) 5. [blank_start]Cost/ease of availability[blank_end] of alcohol • Host Factors - Genes: 1. + and - for alcohol (reduced gene expression for alcohol dehydrogenase reduced sensitivity to alcohol phenotype in alcoholics); 2. Antisocial or [blank_start]anxious[blank_end] traits; risk-taking 3. Prior experience/expectations Tx: Naltrexone on the [blank_start]VTA[blank_end] reduces reward. Naltrexone - µ [blank_start]opiate antagonist[blank_end]: blocks [blank_start]pleasurable[blank_end] effects of alcohol, decreases cravings. [blank_start]Long acting benzodiazepines[blank_end] used to mediate ‘withdrawal’ over a few weeks to prevent symptoms like life threatening seizures.
Antworten
  • receptors
  • encephalin and endocannabinoids
  • DA
  • NAc
  • GABA
  • GLU
  • group
  • environmental cues
  • Cost/ease of availability
  • anxious
  • VTA
  • opiate antagonist
  • pleasurable
  • Long acting benzodiazepines

Frage 12

Frage
Cannabis - THC and cannabidiol • ‘normal’ dose - sense of well-being, relaxation, friendliness, loss of [blank_start]temporal[blank_end] awareness, slows [blank_start]thought[blank_end] processes, impairs [blank_start]short[blank_end]-term memory • ‘high’ doses - can induce [blank_start]panic, toxic delirium[blank_end] and rarely [blank_start]psychosis[blank_end] • “[blank_start]amotivational syndrome[blank_end]” in frequent/heavy users characterized by the emergence of decreased drive and ambition, thus “amotivational.” Cannabidiol = [blank_start]allosteric[blank_end] negative modulator of [blank_start]CB1 and CB2[blank_end], potentially used to treat addiction, anxiety, psychosis and epilepsy
Antworten
  • temporal
  • thought
  • short
  • panic, toxic delirium
  • psychosis
  • amotivational syndrome
  • allosteric
  • CB1 and CB2

Frage 13

Frage
Cannabinoids in the mesolimbic pathway: • [blank_start]GABAergic[blank_end] interneuron feedback projections provide tonic [blank_start]inhibition[blank_end] of [blank_start]VTA dopaminergic[blank_end] neurons • [blank_start]CB1[blank_end] receptors mediate marijuana’s reinforcing properties Opioids in the mesolimbic pathway: Act on [blank_start]opioid neurons[blank_end] which arise in the [blank_start]arcuate nucleus[blank_end] and project to the [blank_start]VTA and NAc[blank_end]. Opioids bypass the enkephalins and [blank_start]directly[blank_end] stimulate receptors causing [blank_start]DA[blank_end] release = high. Nicotine & dopamine release: Nicotine - full agonist at α4,β2 [blank_start]nicotinic[blank_end] receptors on [blank_start]DA neurons in the VTA[blank_end] – cause prolonged channel [blank_start]opening[blank_end] until desensitization → prolonged burst of action potentials and consequently [blank_start]prolonged DA release[blank_end]
Antworten
  • GABAergic
  • inhibition
  • VTA dopaminergic
  • CB1
  • opioid neurons
  • arcuate nucleus
  • VTA and NAc
  • directly
  • DA
  • nicotinic
  • DA neurons in the VTA
  • opening
  • prolonged DA release

Frage 14

Frage
The ‘amphetamines’ • Increase [blank_start]synaptic[blank_end] conc. of DA, by" • inducing release of newly synthesized [blank_start]stores of intraneuronal DA[blank_end] • and inhibiting NA, 5-HT and DA [blank_start]reuptake transporters[blank_end] and VMAT • [blank_start]Methylphenidate[blank_end] is an uptake inhibitor only • Methamphetamine - similar to cocaine but [blank_start]longer[blank_end] lasting effects with less euphoria, associated with [blank_start]schizophrenia[blank_end]-like psychosis • Ecstasy - [blank_start]serotonergic[blank_end], dependence rare/debatable
Antworten
  • synaptic
  • stores of intraneuronal DA
  • reuptake transporters
  • Methylphenidate
  • longer
  • schizophrenia
  • serotonergic

Frage 15

Frage
The amphetamines ‘undesirable effects’ - change in [blank_start]structure and function[blank_end] of the human brain - ability to cause [blank_start]cerebral and/or myocardial[blank_end] infarcts ([blank_start]dead[blank_end] tissue from oxygen deprivation) Overdose treatment is with non-selective or [blank_start]Ca2+[blank_end] or ß-blockers, [blank_start]diazepam[blank_end] for seizures
Antworten
  • structure and function
  • cerebral and/or myocardial
  • dead
  • diazepam
  • Ca2+
Zusammenfassung anzeigen Zusammenfassung ausblenden

ähnlicher Inhalt

Mental health chapter 10
nursing fairy
Mental State Exam
Matthew Coulson
Perinatal Psychiatry
Matthew Coulson
Psychiatry Genetics
Matthew Coulson
Eating Disorders
Matthew Coulson
Neurobiology of Addiction
Matthew Coulson
Addictive behaviour
Megan Kerr
Behavioral Neuroscience
Tambriell Caudill
Introduction to Psychology
Skye Chen
Liaison Psychiatry
Vishnu Pradeep
Perinatal Psychiatry
Kit Grissett