Biol 115 Exam 3

From the podcast over Unit 10, Lycophytes and Monilophytes have very few interactions with [blank_start]animals[blank_end]. Also, the [blank_start]coal[blank_end] we use today is made up of compressed Lycophyte "trees"

Spores: -Produced from [blank_start]meiosis[blank_end] -Germinate to make [blank_start]gametophyte (1N)[blank_end] -[blank_start]No stored[blank_end] food source Seeds: -Produced from [blank_start]fertilization[blank_end] -Germinate to make [blank_start]sporophyte (2N)[blank_end] -[blank_start]Stored[blank_end] food source

Label each image.

[blank_start]Elaters[blank_end] help release spores [blank_start]Gemma cups[blank_end] = asexual reproduction

Label the life cycle.

Label the life cycle.

Lid comes off [blank_start]capsule[blank_end], [blank_start]peristome[blank_end] teeth open to help disperse [blank_start]spores[blank_end].

Label the life cycle

Label the life cycle

[blank_start]Homosporous[blank_end] = bisexual gametophyte [blank_start]Heterosporous[blank_end] = male gametophyte and female gametophyte

Annulus cells eject [blank_start]spores[blank_end] from sporangium.

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Bryophytes, Lycophytes, & Monilophytes: -[blank_start]Heterosporous or homosporous[blank_end] -Produce [blank_start]spores[blank_end] -Requires water ([blank_start]flagellated sperm[blank_end]) -Gametophytes [blank_start]independent[blank_end] Gymnosperms & Angiosperms: -[blank_start]Always heterosporous[blank_end] -Produce [blank_start]seeds[blank_end] -Doesn’t require water -Male gametophyte [blank_start]= pollen[blank_end] -Female gametophyte [blank_start]retained on parent sporophyte[blank_end]

Gymnosperms: -Male cones vs. female cones -Wind [blank_start]pollinated[blank_end], animal [blank_start]dispersed[blank_end] -No [blank_start]ovaries[blank_end] = no [blank_start]fruit[blank_end] (fleshy arils) Angiosperms: -[blank_start]Flowers and ovaries[blank_end] = fruit -Wind/[blank_start]water[blank_end]/animal pollinated -[blank_start]Double fertilization[blank_end]: 1. Egg + sperm = [blank_start]zygote (embryo)[blank_end] 2. Polar nuclei + sperm = [blank_start]endosperm[blank_end]

Pollination vs. Fertilization [blank_start]Pollination[blank_end] = transfer of pollen from male parts of plant to female parts [blank_start]Fertilization[blank_end] = joining of sperm and egg

Label the parts of an angiosperm flower.

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What are characteristics of wind pollinated flowers?

What are characteristics of animal pollinated flowers?

Ovary = fruit, Ovule = seed

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Dehiscent vs. Indehiscent [blank_start]Dehiscent[blank_end] splits open at maturity [blank_start]Indehiscent[blank_end] doesn’t split open at maturity

SEEDS Gymnosperm -[blank_start]Multiple[blank_end] cotyledons -Storage [blank_start]leftover female gametophyte (1N)[blank_end] Dicot -[blank_start]Two[blank_end] cotyledons -Endosperm absorbed during [blank_start]seed maturation[blank_end] -Storage [blank_start]internal[blank_end] -[blank_start]Cotyledons (2N)[blank_end] -[blank_start]Protein[blank_end]-rich Monocot -[blank_start]One[blank_end] cotyledons -Endosperm absorbed during [blank_start]germination[blank_end] -Storage [blank_start]external[blank_end] -[blank_start]Endosperm (3N)[blank_end] -[blank_start]Starch[blank_end]-rich

Seeds

What are the characteristics of a small seed?

What are the characteristics of a large seed?

Seed Formation: 1. [blank_start]Embryogenesis[blank_end] – zygote becomes embryonic plant 2. [blank_start]Maturation[blank_end] -Accumulation of food reserves -[blank_start]Desiccation[blank_end] (up to 90% water loss) -Seed coat hardening 3. [blank_start]Quiescence or dormancy[blank_end] – resting state

What breaks quiescence (resting state until environment is favorable) and is always required to trigger germination?

What breaks dormancy (additional layer on top of quiescence that has to be broken by specific trigger in order for seed to germinate) and is sometimes required to trigger germination?

Seed Germination: 1. [blank_start]Imbibition[blank_end] 2. [blank_start]Respiration/mobilization of food reserve[blank_end] 3. [blank_start]Seedling growth[blank_end]

Which plant hormone has the following characteristics? Cell elongation Tropic bending Apical dominance Root growth *Highest concentration at SAM

Which plant hormone has the following characteristics? Cell division Delay senescence Shoot formation *Highest concentration at RAM

Which plant hormone has the following characteristics? Internode elongation Break seed dormancy *Water-insoluble

Which plant hormone has the following characteristics? Seed dormancy Stomatal closure *Produced by stressed tissue *Water-soluble

Which plant hormone has the following characteristics? Fruit ripening Abscission Senescence *Produced by wounded/aging tissue *Only gaseous hormone

Which of the following are growth promoters rather than growth inhibitors? (Promoters occur at the beginning of lifecycle whereas inhibitors occur at the end of lifecycle.)

What are the characteristics of nastic movements?

What are the characteristics of tropisms?

TROPISMS [blank_start]Positive[blank_end] = growth towards the stimulus [blank_start]Negative[blank_end] = growth away from the stimulus [blank_start]Gravitropism[blank_end]: gravity [blank_start]Hydrotropism[blank_end]: water, can be obscured by gravitropism response [blank_start]Thigmotropism[blank_end]: touch [blank_start]Phototropism[blank_end]: light