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[blank_start]Idiographic[blank_end] theories are concerned with individuals; [blank_start]nomothetic[blank_end] approaches are concerned with large numbers of people.
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Idiographic
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Nomothetic
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nomothetic
-
idiographic
Frage 2
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Of Piaget's stages, which one is the first?
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Sensorimotor
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Preoperational
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Concrete operational
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Formal operational
Frage 3
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This indicates the percentage of individuals who answered a test item correctly.
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Discrimination index
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Difficulty index
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Confidence interval
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[blank_start]Ipsative[blank_end] measures compare traits within the same individual, and do not compare a person to other persons who took the instrument.
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A/An [blank_start]normative[blank_end] interpretation is one in which the individual's score is evaluated by comparing it to others who took the same test.
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In constructing a test, experts nearly always consider this to be most important:
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A reliable test is always valid.
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A valid test is always reliable.
Frage 9
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Reliability coefficients are variance estimates, meaning that the coefficient denotes the amount of true score variance.
Frage 10
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Reliability coefficients in the [blank_start]0.80s[blank_end] are desirable for screening tests.
Frage 11
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This individual believed that intelligence is primarily genetic and a "unitary" factor.
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Charles Spearman
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Francis Galton
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J.P. Guilford
Frage 12
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What are the mean and standard deviation for the WAIS-IV?
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10; 3
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100; 15
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115; 10
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100; 10
Frage 13
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Interest inventories work best with individuals of high school age or above because:
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A [blank_start]low[blank_end] standard error of measurement (SEM) means high reliability.
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The SEM tells us the variance around a particular score for an individual.
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[blank_start]Increasing[blank_end] a test's length raises reliability.
Frage 17
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How many stages encompass Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory of development?
Frage 18
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In Freudian theory, the id operates on the [blank_start]pleasure[blank_end] principle, and the ego operates on the [blank_start]reality[blank_end] principle.
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pleasure
-
reality
-
reality
-
pleasure
Frage 19
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The superego, or ego ideal, attempts to balance the id and ego.
Frage 20
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According to Freud, a dream's surface meaning is referred to as the [blank_start]manifest[blank_end] content, and a dream's hidden meaning is referred to as the [blank_start]latent[blank_end] content.
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manifest
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latent
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latent
-
manifest
Frage 21
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The most important concept in Freud's theory is the unconscious mind.
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The [blank_start]conscious[blank_end] mind is aware of the immediate environment; the [blank_start]preconscious[blank_end] mind can bring ideas, images, and thoughts into awareness with little difficulty; and the [blank_start]unconscious[blank_end] contains material which is unknown or hidden from the client.
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conscious
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preconscious
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unconscious
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preconscious
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conscious
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unconscious
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unconscious
-
conscious
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preconscious
Frage 23
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In this type of thinking, things are conceptualized as good or bad, right or wrong:
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Relativistic
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Dualistic
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Individualistic
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Collectivist
Frage 24
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The correct order of Jean Piaget's developmental stages are as follows: [blank_start]sensorimotor[blank_end], [blank_start]preoperations[blank_end], [blank_start]concrete operations[blank_end], and [blank_start]formal operations[blank_end].
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sensorimotor
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preoperations
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concrete operations
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formal operations
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preoperations
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sensorimotor
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concrete operations
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formal operations
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concrete operations
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formal operations
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formal operations
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concrete operations
Frage 25
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This individual created the first intelligence test:
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David Wechsler
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Alfred Binet
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Charles Spearman
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Sir Francis Galton
Frage 26
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[blank_start]Plasticity[blank_end] means the capacity to change.
Frage 27
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Lev Vygotsky's theory of development emphasized the role that culture and social interaction guide cognitive development.
Frage 28
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Which of Yalom's therapeutic factors can be best described as occurring when group members learn how they come across to others and what others think of them?
Frage 29
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This can be described as the expression of both positive and negative feelings:
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Family reenactment
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Catharsis
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Identification
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Self-understanding
Frage 30
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You suggested that your client, Rob, join a group for young fathers. He reports to you that after attending a couple sessions, he feels a sense of belonging to the group and feels understood and accepted by the other members. Which of Yalom's therapeutic factors is being described?
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Universality
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Identification
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Instillation of hope
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Group cohesiveness
Frage 31
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This type of test compares a person's test score to a predetermined standard or level of performance:
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Norm-referenced
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Criterion-referenced
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Portfolio assessment
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Environmental assessment
Frage 32
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Multiple-choice and true/false questions would appear on this type of test:
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Which of the following is *not* a measure of central tendency?
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Mean
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Median
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Mode
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Standard deviation
Frage 34
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Which measure of central tendency can be found by summing all the values in the group, then dividing that sum by the number of values in the group (indicated by the equation M = ΣX/N)?
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Mode
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Median
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Mean
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None of these
Frage 35
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Approximately what percentage of scores is expected to fall between -1 and +1 standard deviations on the normal curve?
Frage 36
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An [blank_start]aptitude[blank_end] test is a test that predicts a person's capacity to perform some skill or task in the future; an [blank_start]achievement[blank_end] test is a test that measures knowledge a person has acquired through instruction or training up to a certain point in his or her academic career.
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aptitude
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achievement
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achievement
-
aptitude
Frage 37
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This type of scale simply classifies data into non-ordered, mutually exclusive categories; numbers stand for names or categories:
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Nominal
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Ordinal
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Interval
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Ratio
Frage 38
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A higher standard deviation indicates less variability in scores.
Frage 39
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This measure of variability is found by calculating the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution:
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Range
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Standard deviation
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Median
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Mean
Frage 40
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This type of test tests for a significant difference between three or more groups:
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ANOVA
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t-test
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Pearson's r
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t-score
Frage 41
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If you [blank_start]accept[blank_end] the null hypothesis, you are taking the position that there is no significant difference between groups in an experiment.
Frage 42
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In which of Piaget's stages would a child master the concept of conservation?
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Sensorimotor
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Preoperations
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Concrete operations
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Formal operations
Frage 43
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Kohlberg's theory of moral development has [blank_start]3[blank_end] levels, with each broken down further into [blank_start]2[blank_end] stages.
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"RS" in the counseling field is shorthand for:
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You are out mowing your lawn one Saturday afternoon when your neighbor, Evan, strikes up a conversation with you in which he says, "I know my daughter is only being good today because she knows she will get ice cream later." Given this information, you can surmise that his daughter is in what stage of moral development, according to Kohlberg?
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Preconventional
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Conventional
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Postconventional
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Preoperational
Frage 46
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In Kohlberg's highest level of morality, postconventional morality, the individual is primarily concerned with conforming to the roles in society and living up to the expectations of society.
Frage 47
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In a research experiment, this variable has the potential to affect the dependent variable, but the researcher is aware of it beforehand:
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control variable
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extraneous variable
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moderator variable
Frage 48
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A p value of .05 means that there is a 95% chance that the null hypothesis is false. Another way of stating this is:
Frage 49
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Which measure of central tendency is defined as the exact midpoint of a distribution?
Frage 50
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Which measure of central tendency is defined as the most frequently occurring value?
Frage 51
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Which measure of central tendency would you want to use if you have extreme scores and do not want to distort the data?
Frage 52
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A z-score is the same thing as a standard score.
Frage 53
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Individual changes, task changes, and a limited sample are examples of:
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Systematic error
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Unsystematic error
Frage 54
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The average correlation among items within a test or scale is known as its internal [blank_start]consistency[blank_end].
Frage 55
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Based on statistical properties of the normal curve, about what percentage of scores fall in the interval from 2 standard deviations below the mean to 2 standard deviations above the mean?
Frage 56
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[blank_start]Validity[blank_end] considers the degree to which test scores measure what the test claims to measure.
Frage 57
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This type of validity is derived from the obvious appearance of the measure itself and its test items:
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Face
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Construct
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Concurrent
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Predictive
Frage 58
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This statistic denotes the relationship between predictor and criterion measures:
Frage 59
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When a counselor is displaying [blank_start]congruence[blank_end], there is no conflict between their feelings and actions. There is a match between their internal state and external expression of that state.
Frage 60
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The skill in [blank_start]unconditional positive regard[blank_end] is to maintain your attitude of valuing the client and expressing care and concern for them as a human being, even as they reveal undesirable behaviors.
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The state of being authentic or truthful is known as [blank_start]genuineness[blank_end].
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This refers to the ability to deeply sense a client's worldview as if it were your own:
Frage 63
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This counseling skill involves acknowledging a client's positive behaviors, as well as helping them recognize their negative behaviors and develop alternative, more positive methods of feeling, thinking, and behaving:
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Attending
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Summarizing
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Focusing
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Feedback
Frage 64
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Culturally [blank_start]homogeneous[blank_end] groups are ones that are similar on ethnic and cultural dimensions.
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homogeneous
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heterogeneous
Frage 65
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The notion that group members benefit from helping one another is known as:
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Altruism
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Universality
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Instillation of hope
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Imparting of information
Frage 66
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This theorist, who thought it important to focus on clients' birth orders and sibling relationships, also believed that one's interpretations of childhood experiences matters more than the actual events:
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Carl Jung
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Sigmund Freud
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Alfred Adler
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Erik Erikson
Frage 67
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According to Adler, this is an imagined life goal that guides a person's behavior:
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Lifestyle
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Social interest
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Anima or animus
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Fictional finalism
Frage 68
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According to existential theory, this type of anxiety is manifested as an appropriate response to an event, and can be used as a motivation to change:
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existential
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neurotic
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normal
-
reality
Frage 69
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B. F. Skinner is associated with [blank_start]operant[blank_end] conditioning.
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Wolpe's systematic desensitization is based on the principles of [blank_start]classical[blank_end] conditioning.
Frage 71
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Which Holland code is the rarest?
Frage 72
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When a distribution is positively skewed, the tail is pointing to the:
Frage 73
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If a distribution is positively skewed, then one could assume that many scores are above average and it may have been an easy exam.
Frage 74
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In a positively skewed distribution, the tail points to the left.
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When a distribution is negatively skewed, the tail is pointing to the:
Frage 76
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If a distribution is negatively skewed, then one could assume that many scores are below the average and it may have been a difficult exam.
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In a negatively skewed distribution, the tail points to the right.
Frage 78
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With z-scores, positive/negative signs are not very important.
Frage 79
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What are the mean and standard deviation for t-scores?
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50; 10
-
500; 100
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100; 15
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10; 3
Frage 80
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What are the mean and standard deviation for Deviation IQ?
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100; 15
-
50; 10
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500; 100
-
10; 3
Frage 81
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[blank_start]Kurtosis[blank_end] is the degree of peakedness in a distribution.
Frage 82
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Which type of kurtosis has an arrangement of values that follow a bell or normal curve?
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Leptokurtic
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Mesokurtic
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Platykurtic
Frage 83
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In this type of kurtosis, the majority of scores are clustered around a value at the midpoint, and a few extreme scores tapering off on either side:
Antworten
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Platykurtic
-
Leptokurtic
-
Mesokurtic
Frage 84
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Which type of kurtosis has more scores at the extremes and fewer in the center?
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Mesokurtic
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Leptokurtic
-
Platykurtic
Frage 85
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In this type of kurtosis, more scores are in the center of the distribution, with fewer at either extreme:
Antworten
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Mesokurtic
-
Platykurtic
-
Leptokurtic
Frage 86
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The term 'assessment' can be used synonymously with 'appraisal.'
Frage 87
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This is a quantity of some construct or concept, such as anxiety or math skill:
Antworten
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Test
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Measure
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Appraisal
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Standardization
Frage 88
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A [blank_start]psychological test[blank_end] is a standardized procedure for sampling behavior and describing it with categories or scores, then compared to norms.
Antworten
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psychological test
-
measure
-
behavioral observation
Frage 89
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[blank_start]Standardization[blank_end] is the systematic collection and analysis of data.
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Standardization
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Assessment
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Appraisal
Frage 90
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With objective tests, there is a very low likelihood of examiners independently agreeing on a client's score on a given sample of behavior.
Frage 91
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Screening and assessment are synonymous with one another.
Frage 92
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In testing, this occurs when items are not sufficiently difficult and cannot accurately measure high performers:
Antworten
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ceiling effect
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floor effect
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item discrimination
-
item difficulty
Frage 93
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Of the Wechsler tests, a counselor would likely administer this one to an individual of middle-school age:
Antworten
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WAIS-IV
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WISC-IV
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WPPSI-III
Frage 94
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Of the Wechsler tests, a counselor would likely administer this one to an individual who is of "traditional" college-age:
Antworten
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WISC-IV
-
WPPSI-III
-
WAIS-IV
Frage 95
Frage
Of the Wechsler tests, a counselor would likely administer this one to a preschool-age child:
Antworten
-
WAIS-IV
-
WPPSI-III
-
WISC-IV
Frage 96
Frage
What are the mean and standard deviation for subtests in the Wechsler intelligence tests?
Frage 97
Frage
What are the mean and standard deviation for the Wechsler intelligence tests?
Antworten
-
10; 3
-
100; 10
-
100; 15
-
50; 10
Frage 98
Frage
You administered the WAIS-IV to your client, Ethan, and reported to him that he scored within -1 to +1 standard deviations from the mean. This would mean that his standardized score fell somewhere between:
Antworten
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115-145
-
90-105
-
85-115
-
100-115
Frage 99
Frage
Which psychologist proposed the concepts of fluid and crystallized intelligence?
Antworten
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Guilford
-
Cattell
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Wechsler
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Gardner
Frage 100
Frage
[blank_start]Fluid[blank_end] intelligence can be defined as the ability to reason and think flexibly, and is considered independent of education of experience; [blank_start]crystallized[blank_end] intelligence can be defined as the accumulation of knowledge, facts, and skills that are acquired through life and are improved through learning.
Antworten
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Fluid
-
Crystallized
-
crystallized
-
fluid
Frage 101
Frage
[blank_start]Crystallized[blank_end] intelligence increases as we age; [blank_start]fluid[blank_end] intelligence drops off as we age.
Antworten
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Crystallized
-
Fluid
-
fluid
-
crystallized
Frage 102
Frage
Fluid intelligence increases with age.
Frage 103
Frage
A method of assessing the best performance of which an examinee is capable is known as a:
Antworten
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Performance assessment
-
Direct behavioral assessment
-
Maximum performance measurement
-
Typical performance measurement
Frage 104
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A type of behavioral observation in which the counselor documents in narrative format what was observed is known as a/an:
Frage 105
Frage
Pearson's r, regression, and ANOVA are examples of:
Antworten
-
nonparametric statistics
-
parametric statistics
-
none of these
Frage 106
Frage
Nonparametric statistics rely on the normal curve and the assumption of normality.
Frage 107
Frage
The amount of variance that is accounted for in one variable by the other variable is known as the:
Antworten
-
Pearson product-moment correlation (Pearson's r)
-
Coefficient of alienation
-
Coefficient of determination
-
Spearman's correlation
Frage 108
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A potential issue in doing data collection through observation of behavior, the counselor may unintentionally change the definition of the behavior and lose objectivity. This is known as:
Antworten
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observer bias
-
observer drift
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Halo effect
-
Hawthorne effect
Frage 109
Frage
The [blank_start]central tendency error[blank_end] is the propensity to respond with moderate or centrist descriptions rather than using descriptions that lean toward the extremes of a rating scale.
Frage 110
Frage
Which of Yalom's therapeutic factors is described as being related to themes such as responsibility, death, freedom, isolation, and purpose?
Antworten
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Altruism
-
Catharsis
-
Existential factors
-
Imparting of information
Frage 111
Frage
In the context of group therapy, this occurs when group members realize that other members experience similar thoughts, feelings, and issues:
Frage 112
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The process through which group members are enabled to free themselves from old roles and test new behaviors is known as:
Frage 113
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When the group leader or other member(s) pass on beneficial information regarding the problem and/or solution to other members, this is known as:
Frage 114
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When group members feel more trustful of groups and learn how to relate to other members, [blank_start]interpersonal learning output[blank_end] has occurred.
Frage 115
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You referred your client, Jules, to a group for women struggling with postpartum depression. After a few group sessions, she says to you that she has observed improvement in others who have similar problems, and believe that she will also improve with the group's help. Which of Yalom's therapeutic factors is at work?
Frage 116
Frage
This occurs when group members discover and accept previously unknown or unacceptable parts of themselves:
Frage 117
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Your client, Jules, reports to you that she has noticed herself modeling certain behaviors that she sees in other members. According to Yalom, this therapeutic factor has occurred:
Frage 118
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According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, most children operate at the [blank_start]preconventional[blank_end] level, and most adolescents operate at the [blank_start]conventional[blank_end] level.
Antworten
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preconventional
-
conventional
-
conventional
-
post-conventional
Frage 119
Frage
Which theorist put forth an Identity Status theory of social development, which categorizes four main points or stations along the continuum of identity development?
Antworten
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Erikson
-
Havighurst
-
Marcia
-
Piaget
Frage 120
Frage
Your adolescent client has struggled to make any real progress in deciding an occupation or ideology of her own. She seems to be "floating" through her life. According to Marcia's theory of identity status, she would be in this state:
Antworten
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Foreclosure
-
Diffusion
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Moratorium
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Achievement
Frage 121
Frage
Another of your adolescent clients seems to have "blindly" accepted the ideology / value system of their family, without doing his own exploration to determine what's important to him. According to Marcia's theory of identity status, he would be in this state:
Antworten
-
Diffusion
-
Foreclosure
-
Moratorium
-
Achievement
Frage 122
Frage
One of your adolescent clients seems to have reached a state of clarity regarding her identity, and has committed to her own set of autonomously made values and goals. According to Marcia's theory of identity status, she would be in this state:
Antworten
-
Moratorium
-
Achievement
-
Diffusion
-
Foreclosure
Frage 123
Frage
Another of your adolescent clients has made little to no commitment to an ideology or occupation, but he is also experimenting with many different values, beliefs, and goals. According to Marcia's theory of identity status, he would be in this state:
Antworten
-
Achievement
-
Diffusion
-
Foreclosure
-
Moratorium
Frage 124
Frage
Regarding Marcia's theory, identity foreclosure is marked by a [blank_start]low[blank_end] level of exploration and a [blank_start]high[blank_end] level of commitment, whereas identity moratorium is marked by a [blank_start]high[blank_end] level of exploration and a [blank_start]low[blank_end] level of commitment.
Antworten
-
low
-
high
-
high
-
low
-
high
-
low
-
low
-
high
Frage 125
Frage
Regarding Marcia's theory, identity diffusion is marked by a [blank_start]low[blank_end] level of exploration and a [blank_start]low[blank_end] level of commitment, whereas identity achievement is marked by a [blank_start]high[blank_end] level of exploration and a [blank_start]high[blank_end] level of commitment.
Antworten
-
low
-
high
-
low
-
high
-
high
-
low
-
high
-
low
Frage 126
Frage
In an experimental research design, it is the [blank_start]independent[blank_end] variable that is being manipulated, and it is the [blank_start]dependent[blank_end] variable that is being studied.
Antworten
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independent
-
dependent
-
dependent
-
independent
Frage 127
Frage
Researchers wanted to study the effects of blood alcohol level on reaction time. In this experiment, blood alcohol level would be the [blank_start]independent[blank_end] variable, and reaction time would be the [blank_start]dependent[blank_end] variable.
Antworten
-
independent
-
dependent
-
dependent
-
independent
Frage 128
Frage
Observational, case study, and survey methods are all examples of this type of research:
Antworten
-
Descriptive
-
Experimental
-
Correlational
-
Quasi-experimental
Frage 129
Frage
Correlational research is synonymous with experimental research.
Frage 130
Frage
Approximately what percentage of scores is expected to fall between -2 and +2 standard deviations on the normal curve?
Frage 131
Frage
Approximately what percentage of scores is expected to fall between -1 and +1 standard deviations on the normal curve?
Frage 132
Frage
Which type of test is interpreted by comparing a respondent's score to the performance of a standardization group?
Antworten
-
Criterion-referenced
-
Norm-referenced
-
Achievement test
-
Aptitude test
Frage 133
Frage
Which of the following best describes "standard deviation"?
Antworten
-
the difference between the highest and lowest scores
-
the arithmetic average of a set of scores
-
the average amount that scores vary from the mean
-
a standard score
Frage 134
Frage
In the language of career counseling, this refers to the degree of relatedness within personality types or environmental models:
Antworten
-
congruence
-
consistency
-
differentiation
-
identity
Frage 135
Frage
In the language of career counseling, this refers to the degree of fit between personality types and environmental models:
Antworten
-
congruence
-
consistency
-
differentiation
-
identity