Frage 1
Frage
How much waste are we obliged to eliminate in urine per day?
Antworten
-
600mosmol
-
600osmol
-
800mosmol
-
1osmol
Frage 2
Frage
What is the maximum urinary osmolarity possible?
Antworten
-
1400mosm/l
-
140mosm/l
-
14osm/l
-
1.4mosm/l
Frage 3
Frage
How much urine are we obliged to produce per day if we need to eliminate 600mosmol but can only produce urine concentrated up to 1400mosm/l?
Antworten
-
600/1400 = 0.428l
-
600/1400 = 0.428ml
-
600 x 1400 = 840,000ml
-
1400/600 = 2.3l
Frage 4
Antworten
-
Daily urine output of less than 0.428l
-
Daily urine output of more than 0.428l
-
Hourly urine output of less than 0.428l
-
The presence of starch in the urine
Frage 5
Antworten
-
Urinary output above 3l per day
-
Urinary output below 3l per day
-
Urinary concentration of over 300mosmol/litre
-
Urinary concentration of less than 300/mosmol/litre
Frage 6
Frage
Why do we consider urine dilute when it has a concentration of less than 300mosmol/litre?
Antworten
-
The osmolality of plasma is 300mosmol/l
-
The osmolality of the filtrate is 300mosmol/l
-
The osmolality of interstitial fluid is 300mosmol/l
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The osmolality of intracellular fluid is 300mosmol/l
Frage 7
Frage
What is the name given to the volume of plasma cleared of osmotically active particles per unit time?
Antworten
-
Osmolar clearance
-
Free water clearance
-
Renal clearance
-
Reabsorption
Frage 8
Frage
What is the correct equation for osmolar clearance if...
V = urine flow rate
Uosm = urine osmolarity
Posm = plasma osmolarity
Antworten
-
(Uosm x V) / Posm
-
(Uosm x Posm) / V
-
(Uosm + Posm) / V
-
Uosm x Posm x V
Frage 9
Frage
What is the correct equation for free water clerance if...
V = urine flow rate
Uosm = urine osmolarity
Posm = plasma osmolarity
Antworten
-
V - (Uosm x V)/Posm
-
V + (Uosm x V)/Posm
-
V + (Uosm x Posm)/V
-
V - V/(Uosm x Posm)
Frage 10
Frage
If free water clearance is greater than 0, the urine will be hypo-osmotic or [blank_start]dilute[blank_end].
If free water clearance is 0, the urine will be [blank_start]iso[blank_end]-osmotic with respect to [blank_start]plasma[blank_end].
If free water clearance is less than 0, the urine will be [blank_start]hyper[blank_end]-osmotic or concentrated.
Frage 11
Frage
Where are the osmoreceptors found in the brain?
Frage 12
Frage
Fill in the blanks below to describe the release of ADH.
1. When plasma osmolality is [blank_start]high[blank_end], receptors in the o[blank_start]rganum vasculosum lamina[blank_end], m[blank_start]edian preoptic nucleus[blank_end] and s[blank_start]ubfomical organ[blank_end] signal to neurosecretory cells in the [blank_start]paraventricular[blank_end] and [blank_start]supraoptic[blank_end] nuclei in the [blank_start]hypothalamus[blank_end].
2. The nuclei synthesise a [blank_start]precursor[blank_end] of ADH
3. The [blank_start]precursor[blank_end] is passed into axons of neurons where it is cleaved into a [blank_start]9[blank_end] amino acid ADH molecule in the [blank_start]posterior pituitary[blank_end]
4. ADH is released into the blood of the [blank_start]internal carotid[blank_end] artery to be targeted to the [blank_start]collecting duct[blank_end]
Antworten
-
high
-
rganum vasculosum lamina
-
edian preoptic nucleus
-
ubfomical organ
-
paraventricular
-
supraoptic
-
hypothalamus
-
precursor
-
precursor
-
9
-
posterior pituitary
-
internal carotid
-
collecting duct
Frage 13
Frage
ADH has a long half life in the blood.
Frage 14
Frage
Alcohol inhibits ADH secretion.
Frage 15
Frage
Nicotine, nausea, pain and stress stimulate ADH secretion.
Frage 16
Frage
Which factor is ADH secretion most sensitive to?
Antworten
-
Plasma osmolality
-
Blood pressure
-
Blood volume
-
Blood temperature
Frage 17
Frage
What symptoms characterise diabetes insipidus?
Antworten
-
Polyuria, polydipsia and nocturia
-
Oliguria, hematuria
-
Polydipsia, oliguria, dehydration
-
Jaundice, hematuria
Frage 18
Frage
What is neurogenic diabetes insipidus?
Antworten
-
Lack of ADH secretion due to a congenital brain defect or head injury
-
Mutated V2 receptors or aquaporins
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Caused by side effect of drugs or infection
-
Increased urination due to small molecules in renal tubule lumen causing excess water reabsorption
Frage 19
Frage
What name is given to diabetes insipidus caused by mutated V2 receptors or aquaporin channels OR acquired by infection or drug use?
Antworten
-
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
-
Inflammatory diabetes insipidus
-
Neurogenic diabetes insipidus
-
Mutagenic diabetes insipidus
Frage 20
Frage
What condition is typical of diabetes mellitus whereby the presence of small molecules in the renal tubule prevents water reabsorption causing production of large quantities of dilute urine?
Frage 21
Frage
Potassium has a concentration of [blank_start]5[blank_end]mM in the extracellular fluid and [blank_start]150[blank_end]mM in the intracellular fluid.
Frage 22
Frage
In the proximal tubule, the Na+/K+ [blank_start]pump[blank_end] moves potassium ions [blank_start]into[blank_end] the epithelial cell. This concentration gradient draws potassium into the epithelial cell from the [blank_start]lumen[blank_end] and out into the [blank_start]interstitial[blank_end] fluid via [blank_start]channel[blank_end] proteins. Potassium can also diffuse between cells via [blank_start]tight junctions[blank_end].
Antworten
-
pump
-
into
-
lumen
-
interstitial
-
channel
-
tight junctions
Frage 23
Frage
How does potassium enter the epithelial cells of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle?
Frage 24
Frage
How does potassium enter the epithelial cells of the distal tubule?
Frage 25
Frage
In the collecting duct, potassium is reabsorbed by [blank_start]type A[blank_end] intercalated cells in exchange for [blank_start]H+[blank_end] ions. This is outweighed by [blank_start]secretion[blank_end] by the [blank_start]prinicipal[blank_end] cells. In the principal cells, potassium moves out of the epithelium via [blank_start]renal outer medullar K+ channels[blank_end] (ROMKs). It also moves out through [blank_start]calcium[blank_end]-activated big-[blank_start]conductance[blank_end] K+ channels when tubular flow rates are [blank_start]high[blank_end]. The K+/[blank_start]Cl-[blank_end] transporter also removes potassium from the cell.
Frage 26
Frage
If more sodium enters the principal cells in the collecting duct epithelium, what happens to the secretion of potassium?
Antworten
-
Increases because the filtrate becomes less positively charged
-
Increases because the filtrate becomes more positively charged
-
Decreases because the filtrate becomes more positively charged
-
Decreases because the filtrate becomes less positively charged
Frage 27
Frage
What hormone stimulations the K+ channels, Na+ channels and Na+/K+ ATPases of the collecting duct to increase secretion?
Antworten
-
Aldosterone
-
ADH
-
Adrenaline
-
Testosterone
Frage 28
Frage
Which favours secretion more?
Antworten
-
High tubular flow rates
-
Low tubular flow rates
Frage 29
Frage
What is hypokalaemia?
Antworten
-
Plasma potassium concentration of less than 3.5mM
-
Plasma potassium concentration of more than 3.5mM
-
Intracellular potassium concentration of more than 3.5mM
-
Urinary potassium concentration of less than 3.5mM
Frage 30
Frage
Hypokalaemia can occur due to increased internal losses.
For example, in the kidney, [blank_start]high[blank_end] tubular flow rates favour [blank_start]high[blank_end] rates of potassium [blank_start]secretion[blank_end]. Hyperaldosteronism [blank_start]increases[blank_end] the activity of the potassium channels, favouring potassium [blank_start]secretion[blank_end]. Alkalosis is also associated with hypokalaemia because potassium is secreted due to changed in [blank_start]electrochemical gradients[blank_end].
In the GI tract, vomiting and [blank_start]diarrhea[blank_end] can cause excess potassium loss.
Potassium can be lost from the skin due to burns or intense [blank_start]sweating[blank_end].
Frage 31
Frage
How does insulin affect potassium uptake in cells?
Frage 32
Frage
Why does potassium intake into cells increase due to metabolic alkalosis?
Antworten
-
H+ ions bound to buffers leave cells, K+ enter to maintain charge
-
H+ ions bound to buffers enter cells, K+ leave to maintain charge
-
K+ ions act as buffers to reduce plasma pH
-
K+ ions are exchanged for H+ on the K+/H+ exchanger
Frage 33
Frage
What is severe hypokalaemia?
Antworten
-
< 2.5mM
-
> 2.5mM
-
< 3.5 mM
-
< 5 mM
Frage 34
Frage
In hypokalaemia, membrane potentials become more [blank_start]negative[blank_end]. Therefore, a larger intake of [blank_start]sodium[blank_end] is required to exceed the [blank_start]threshold[blank_end] and fire an [blank_start]action potential[blank_end]. Therefore, action potentials are less likely to fire and the [blank_start]refractory[blank_end] period is [blank_start]longer[blank_end] so muscles become weak and paralysed.
Antworten
-
negative
-
sodium
-
threshold
-
action potential
-
longer
-
refractory
Frage 35
Frage
What is hyperkalaemia?
Antworten
-
> 5.5mM
-
< 5.5mM
-
< 3.5 mM
-
> 3.5 mM
Frage 36
Frage
Reduced release of what hormone can cause hyperkalaemia?
Antworten
-
Aldosterone
-
Adrenaline
-
ADH
-
Oestrogen
Frage 37
Frage
Hyperkalaemia can be caused by redistribution of potassium out of cells. Check the two specific examples of this.
Frage 38
Frage
In hyperkalaemia, the resting membrane potential becomes more [blank_start]positive[blank_end]. This means less [blank_start]sodium[blank_end] is required to exceed the [blank_start]threshold[blank_end] and fire an [blank_start]action potential[blank_end]. Action potentials are [blank_start]more[blank_end] likely to fire, causing hyperreflexia and [blank_start]cramping[blank_end] of the muscles.
Antworten
-
positive
-
sodium
-
threshold
-
action potential
-
cramping
-
more
Frage 39
Frage
What can we administer intravenously to treat hyperkalaemia to decrease the action potential threshold in the heart?
Antworten
-
Na+
-
K+
-
Ca2+
-
Acetylcholine
Frage 40
Frage
Which drug could we administer during hyperkalaemia to shift K+ into cells?
Antworten
-
Insulin
-
Glucagon
-
Adrenaline
-
Diuretics
Frage 41
Frage
Of the treatments listed below, which are appropriate for treating hypokalaemia?
Antworten
-
Eating potassium-rich foods
-
Oral or IV administration of KCl
-
Correction of alkalosis
-
Use of K+-sparing diuretics
-
Administration of insulin
-
IV Ca2+
-
IV Na+
Frage 42
Frage
What is severe hyperkalaemia?
Antworten
-
> 7.5mM
-
< 7.5mM
-
> 5.5mM
-
< 5.5mM