Frage 1
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What is meta-ethics?
Frage 2
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What do ethical naturalists believe?
Antworten
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We can define good in a non-moral, natural way
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We cannot define good in a non-moral, natural way
Frage 3
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What do ethical non-naturalists believe?
Antworten
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We can define good in a non-moral, natural way.
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We cannot define good in a non-moral, natural way.
Frage 4
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How would ethical naturalists describe moral truths?
Antworten
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cognitive and objective
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non-propositional
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factual and realist
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non-reductionist
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propositional
Frage 5
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How would ethical non-naturalists describe moral truths?
Frage 6
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What is Hume's book called?
Antworten
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Principia Ethica
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Language, Truth and Logic
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Dialogues of Natural Religion
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Summa Theologica
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A Treatise of Human Nature
Frage 7
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Hume was an ethical non-naturalist
Frage 8
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Explain the 'is-ought' gap?
Antworten
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You can't move from a descriptive (is) statement to a prescriptive (ought) statement. This would be logically invalid because factual statements don't lead to value judgements.
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Explains how there is no moral knowledge because it is neither synthetic or analytic.
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Moral knowledge does exist but we cannot jump from 'is' to 'ought'. We have to go from 'ought' to 'is'
Frage 9
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Explain Hume's Fork.
Antworten
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What Hume used to eat dinner.
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Hume's Fork demonstrates Hume's belief that knowledge can be either synthetic or analytic. Since morality is neither, it cannot be knowledge. Thus morality is only a belief and has no place on the fork.
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Descriptive statements do not lead to a prescriptive statement.
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We cannot intuit good
Frage 10
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What is the oranges example by Tyler and what does it show?
Antworten
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The example of oranges says that we should eat oranges because they contain vitamin C.
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The oranges examples demonstrates the is-ought gap. Just because oranges contain vitamin C (descriptive statement) doesn't meant that we ought to eat them (prescriptive statement).
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Tyler argues that we shouldn't have to eat oranges because some people are allergic.
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The oranges example explains how simple terms, such as orange, cannot be reduced or broken down into separate definitions.
Frage 11
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What is Moore's book called?
Frage 12
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Moore is an ethical naturalist.
Frage 13
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Explain the naturalistic fallacy.
Antworten
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We commit the naturalistic fallacy when we try to define good. Good is a unique term that cannot be defined.
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It is illogical to move from a factual statement to a value judgement because they are unrelated.
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We commit the naturalistic fallacy when we define good because good is a complex term that can be defined.
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We commit the naturalistic fallacy when we try to define bad, since it cannot be defined.
Frage 14
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What is Moore's quote about good?
Antworten
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"Good is good and that is the end of the matter"
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"self-control is essential"
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"This change is imperceptible; but is, however, of the last consequence."
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"Good is good and that is that"
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"Good is an illusion"
Frage 15
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Explain Moore's Open Question Argument.
Antworten
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The Open Question Argument is used to challenge ethical naturalism.
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A closed question, such as is a bachelor an unmarried man?, has the answer contained in the question.
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An open question, such as is pleasure really good?, has the answer contained in the question.
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An open question, such as is pleasure really good?, doesn't have the answer within the question.
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Moore uses Open Questions to support his argument.
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Every attempt at defining good leaves us with an open question and this shows the failure of ethical naturalism.
Frage 16
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Despite being an ethical non-naturalist, what does Moore believe that is different from Hume?
Antworten
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Objective moral truths exist.
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Good can be defined.
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Moral knowledge exists.
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Objective moral truths don't exist.
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Moral knowledge is cognitive, realist and propositional.
Frage 17
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Moore believes that we intuit what is good and thus although we cannot define good, we can understand good.
Frage 18
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Objective moral truths exists, according to Moore.
Frage 19
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What is Moore's quote about intuitionism and moral knowledge.
Antworten
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"Good is good and that is the end of the matter"
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"good is rather like yellow"
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"always look on the bright side of life"
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"infallible, intuitive knowledge"
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"intuitive, infallible knowledge"
Frage 20
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Moore believes that we can define good because it is a simple term.
Frage 21
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What colour does Moore compare with good in order to explain simple terms?
Antworten
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Orange
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Purple
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Gold
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Yellow
Frage 22
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What is Moore's example of a complex term that can be reduced down into a definition?
Frage 23
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Intuitionism is a cognitive theory.
Frage 24
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We use our intuition to work out what is good and therefore it is self-evident.
Frage 25
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Moore is a traditional intuitionist
Frage 26
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Tick three strengths of intuitionism.
Antworten
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Avoids naturalistic fallacy
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We intuit differently
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Intuitionism motivates us to act morally
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Satisfies the moral absolutist
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Intuitionism removes the confusion and ambiguity of trying to define good. Deciding on a right action is simplified as we intuit what is good.
Frage 27
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Tick three weaknesses of Intuitionism.
Antworten
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We can't know if our intuition is correct.
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Intuitionism doesn't satisfy the moral absolutist.
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It is a form of realism.
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We can't clarify what intuition is. Is it a conscience or a gut feeling?
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Intuitionism doesn't motivate us morally.
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We have a common intuition.
Frage 28
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Who created emotivism?
Antworten
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Hume
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Moore
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Bentham
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Ayer
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Stevenson
Frage 29
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Tick two things that Ayer believed about intuitionism.
Antworten
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Ayer disagrees with intuitionism because it is subjective.
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Intuitionism can be verified.
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Intuitionism cannot be empirically verified.
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Ayer preferred Hume's Fork.
Frage 30
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What was Ayer's book called?
Antworten
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Language, Logic and Truth
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Truth, Logic and Language
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Truth, Language and Logic
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Language, Truth and Logic
Frage 31
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Ayer believes ethical terms cannot be verified because they are "pseudo-concepts" and cannot be analysed.
Frage 32
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According to Ayer, ethical terms add something to factual content because they are valuable.
Frage 33
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Tick two quotes by Ayer that describe what ethical terms are.
Antworten
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"moral sentiment"
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"Good is good and that is the end of the matter"
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"Good is good and that is that"
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"verbal ejaculation"
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"good is rather like yellow"
Frage 34
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Explain the Ayer's 'boo-hurrah' theory.
Antworten
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Ethical terms are just expressions of our emotions. For example, saying stealing is wrong is just a 'boo' and saying sharing is right is a 'hurrah'. There is no factual value to ethical terms.
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Ayer believes that intuitionism is 'boo' and emotivism is 'hurrah'
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The 'boo-hurrah' theory is used to demonstrate how ethical terms can be verified and have emotional value.
Frage 35
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Stevenson developed Ayer's emotivism.
Frage 36
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What is Stevenson's essay called?
Antworten
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The Emotive Meaning of Ethical Terms
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Principia Ethica
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A Treatise of Human Nature
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Modern Moral Philosophy
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Emotivism: The Book
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The Emotional Meaning of Ethical Terms
Frage 37
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Stevenson believes that ethical statements have two purposes. Tick the correct two purposes.
Antworten
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Ethical statements add to factual content.
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Ethical statements express our own psychological beliefs/attitudes.
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Ethical statements are unverifiable.
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Ethical statements are an attempt to persuade others of our feeling.
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Ethical statements are an attempt to discourage people thinking.
Frage 38
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Stevenson's theory is different from Ayer's emotivism because it gives meaning to ethical language.
Frage 39
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Tick three strengths of emotivism.
Antworten
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Emotivism is just a shouting match of emotions.
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Emotivism acknowledges different moral views.
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Stevenson gives purpose and meaning to ethical language and his argument makes sense.
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We are able to remove reason from moral judgements.
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Emotivism explains why moral disputes are impossible to resolve because they are impossible to prove/verify
Frage 40
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Tick three weaknesses of emotivism. (Hint: This can include any criticisms made by scholars)
Antworten
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Barclay believes we need laws in our society to avoid chaos so we cannot just rely on emotion.
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Emotivism helps us express ourselves.
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MacIntyre criticises emotivism because it is just a shouting match of emotivism
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Emotivism rejects moral absolutes and is subjective
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Emotivism is boring and doesn't make sense.
Frage 41
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Ayer's quote criticising intuitionism.
Antworten
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"Good is good and that is the end of that"
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"a mere appeal to intuition is worthless as a test of a proposition's validity"
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"Good is good and that is that"
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"Verification is the only way"