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Frage 1
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which are forces that favour filtration?
Antworten
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capillary hydrostatic pressure
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capillary oncotic pressure
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interstitial hydostatic pressure
-
interstitial oncotic pressure
Frage 2
Frage
Which are forces that oppose filtration?
Antworten
-
capillary oncotic pressure
-
capillary hydrostatic pressure
-
interstitial oncotic pressure
-
interstitial hydrostatic pressure
Frage 3
Frage
Which are causes for edema
Antworten
-
increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
-
decreased plasma oncotic pressure
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increased capillary membrane permeability
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lympathic obstruction
-
too much candy
Frage 4
Frage
Infants are most susceptible to significant losses in total body water because of an infant’s
Antworten
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High body surface–to–body size ratio
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Slow metabolic rate
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Kidneys are not mature enough to counter fluid losses
-
Inability to communicate adequately when he or she is thirsty
Frage 5
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Obesity creates a greater risk for dehydration in people because:
Antworten
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Adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling.
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The metabolic rate of obese adults is slower than the rate of lean adults.
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The rate of urine output of obese adults is higher than the rate of output of lean adults
-
The thirst receptors of the hypothalamus do not function effectively
Frage 6
Frage
A patient’s blood gases reveal the following findings: pH, 7.3; bicarbonate (HCO3) 27 mEq/L;
carbon dioxide (CO2), 58 mm Hg. What is the interpretation of these gases?
Antworten
-
Respiratory alkalosis
-
Metabolic acidosis
-
Respiratory acidosis
-
Metabolic alkalosis
Frage 7
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Water movement between the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment and the extracellular fluid
(ECF) compartment is primarily a function of:
Antworten
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Osmotic forces
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Plasma oncotic pressure
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Antidiuretic hormone
-
Hydrostatic forces
Frage 8
Frage
In addition to osmosis, what force is involved in the movement of water between the plasma
and interstitial fluid spaces?
Antworten
-
Oncotic pressure
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Buffering
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Hydrostatic pressure
Frage 9
Frage
Venous obstruction is a cause of edema because of an increase in which pressure?
Antworten
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Capillary hydrostatic
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Interstitial hydrostatic
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Capillary oncotic
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Interstitial oncotic
Frage 10
Frage
As edema accumulates it gets trapped in...
Antworten
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a second space
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a third space
Frage 11
Frage
Sodium accounts for 90% of the ...... cations (positively charged ions)
Antworten
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ICF
-
ECF
Frage 12
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potassium is a major cation of ......
Antworten
-
ICF
-
ECF
Frage 13
Frage
what is the minimal daily requirement of sodium?
Antworten
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200 mg
-
600 mg
-
500 mg
Frage 14
Frage
what are the two major functions of Angiotensin 2?
Antworten
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vasoconstriction (which elevates blood pressure)
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stimulates the secretion of aldosterone
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it prevents sodium from leaving the cell
Frage 15
Frage
ANP and BNP increase sodium and water excretion by the kidneys this
Antworten
-
increases blood volume and blood pressure
-
decreases blood volume and blood pressure
Frage 16
Frage
ADH ________ the permeability of renal tubular cells to water which ______ water reabsorption and promotes the restoration of plasma volume and blood pressure.
Antworten
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increases, increases
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decreases, increases
Frage 17
Frage
The term isotonic refers to a solution that has the _______ concentration of solutes as plasma
Antworten
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more
-
less
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the same
Frage 18
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Isotonic fluid loss results in in....
Antworten
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hypervolemia
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hypovolemia
Frage 19
Frage
Excess isotonic fluids results in...
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hypovolemia
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hypervolemia
Frage 20
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Hypertonic fluid alterations occur when osmolality of the ECF is ______above normal. The most common causes are an increased concentration of ECF.....
Antworten
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elevated, sodium (hypernatrium)
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elevated potassium (hyperkalemia)
Frage 21
Frage
Hypernatremia occurs when serum sodium levels exceed_______. And can be caused by a ______ of water or _____in sodium
Antworten
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147 mEq/L, Loss of water or gain in sodium
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127 mEq/L, loss of water or gain in sodium,
Frage 22
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intracellular fluid contains a greater proportion of total body water than does extracellular fluid
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 23
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All the homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the ECF, not in the ICF
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 24
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no receptors directly monitor fluid or electrolyte balance
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 25
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diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 26
Frage
Osmosis is the movement of water between two compartments by a membrane permeable to water but not to solute. Moves form LOW solute to HIGH solute concentration and requires no energy
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 27
Frage
What is osmotic pressure?
Antworten
-
The amount of pressure required to move water
-
the amount of pressure required to stop osmotic flow of water
Frage 28
Frage
Hydrostatic pressure is
Antworten
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the major force that pushes water out of the vascular system at the capillary level
-
the force of water being moved
Frage 29
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Oncotic pressure
Antworten
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osmotic pressure is pressure exerted by colloids in solution
-
the pressure of cancer
Frage 30
Frage
Causes of edema
Antworten
-
plasma to interstitial fluid shift
-
increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
-
decreased plasma oncotic pressure
-
increased capillary permeability
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lymph obstruction
-
sodium retention
Frage 31
Frage
What is the pathophysiology of third spacing?
Antworten
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A massive inflammatory response leads to the release of histamine and bradykinin which increases capillary permeability and with hydrostatic pressure fluid leaks into the interstitium
-
Any process that results in decreased protein intake, production, storage, or increased protein loss decreases the colloid osmotic pressure which prevents fluid from being pulled back into the vessels and leads to fluid accumulating in the interstitium.
Frage 32
Frage
Signs and symptoms of thirdspacing
Antworten
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decreased urine output despite adequate intake
-
increased HR
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Decreased BP
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Increased weight
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Edema, acites
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Increased ADH
Frage 33
Frage
Why are infants more predisposed to serious, rapid fluid volume deficits?
Antworten
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limited ability to concentrate urine
-
greater ratio of surface area to volume
-
higher metabolic rate
Frage 34
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S/S of Hypervolemia:
Antworten
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cyanosis
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rapid breathing
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weight gain
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edema including cerbral edema
-
rapid bouding pulse
Frage 35
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What is the reference range for Sodium in Adults?
Antworten
-
125-135 mEq/L
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135-145 mEq/L
Frage 36
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hypernatremia is caused by :
Antworten
-
water loss or sodium gain
-
water gain or sodium loss
Frage 37
Frage
How to treat Hypernatremia
Antworten
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diurectics
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iv 5% dextrose in water or hypotonic saline
Frage 38
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HYPOnatremia results form
Antworten
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lost of sodium containing fluids or water excess
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critical value is <120 mEq/L
Frage 39
Frage
Potassium is
Antworten
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a major ICF cation
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necessary for transmission and conduction of nerve and muscle impluses
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cellular growth
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maintenance of cardiac rhythms
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Acid-base balance
Frage 40
Frage
what facilitates potassium into the cells:
Antworten
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sodium
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insulin
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aldosterone
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epinephrine
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alkalosis
Frage 41
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Calcium balance is controlled by
Antworten
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parathyroid hormone
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calcitonin
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vitamin D
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Iron
Frage 42
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A person with chronic heart failure has edema in the lower legs and sacral area. The nurse practitioner suspects this is due to a(n):
Antworten
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increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure;
-
Decrease in lymph obstruction pressure
-
Decrease in capillary hydrostatic pressure
Frage 43
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Secretion of ADH and the perception of thirst are stimulated by
Antworten
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an increase in plasma osmolality
-
a decrease in plasma osmolaity
Frage 44
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The nurse monitors the fluid and electrolyte status of the older adult with the knowledge that impairment of the thirst mechanism may lead to
Antworten
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hypernatremia
-
Hyponatremia
Frage 45
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Intravenous potassium chloride is ordered for treatment of a patient with hypokalemia. In administering the potassium solution, the nurse is aware that
Antworten
-
to prevent cardiac arrhythmias and arrest, the maximum amount of KCl to be administered in 1 hour is 10 mEq
-
to prevent cardiac arrhythmias and arrest, the maximum amount of KCl to be administered in 1 hour is 20 mEq
Frage 46
Frage
A patient who has required prolonged mechanical ventilation has the following arterial blood gas results: pH 7.48, PO2 85 mm Hg, PCO2 32 mm Hg, and HCO3 25 mEq/L. The nurse interprets these results as
Antworten
-
respiratory alkalosis
-
respiratory acidosis
-
normal
Frage 47
Frage
The electrolyte imbalance hypercalcemia exhibits which clinical manifestations?
Antworten
-
Diarrhea
-
Calcium based kidney stones
-
ECG showing narrow T waves
-
Lethargy
-
Bradycardia
Frage 48
Frage
The electrolyte imbalance hypokalemia exhibits which clinical manifestations?
Antworten
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Paralytic ileus
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Sinus bradycardia
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Atrioventricular block
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Dry mucous membranes
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Tetany
Frage 49
Frage
A third of the body’s fluid is contained in the extracellular interstitial fluid spaces that include
Antworten
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Urine
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Intraocular fluids
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Lymph
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Blood plasma
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Sweat
Frage 50
Frage
An imbalance of potassium can produce which dysfunctions?
Antworten
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Weakness skeletal muscles
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Cardiac dysrhythmias
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Smooth muscle atony
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Visual impairment
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Hearing loss
Frage 51
Frage
Which statements regarding total body water (TBW) are true?
Antworten
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During childhood, TBW slowly decreases in relationship to body weight.
-
Gender has no influence on TBW until old age.
-
Men tend to have greater TBW as a result of their muscle mass.
-
Estrogen plays a role in female TBW.
-
Older adults experience a decrease in TBW as a result of decreased muscle mass.
Frage 52
Frage
Sodium Regulates osmolality in the extracellular fluid (ECF) space.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 53
Frage
Chloride Is inversely related to HCO3 concentration.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 54
Frage
Potassium Is a major determinant of resting membrane potential.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 55
Frage
Phosphate An intracellular metabolic form is adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 56
Frage
Potassium Changes in hydrogen ion concentration affect this electrolyte
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 57
Frage
At the arterial end of capillaries, fluid moves from the intravascular space into the interstitial space because the
Antworten
-
Interstitial hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary hydrostatic pressure.
-
Capillary hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary oncotic pressure.
-
Interstitial oncotic pressure is higher than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure.
-
Capillary oncotic pressure is lower than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure.
Frage 58
Frage
Low plasma albumin causes edema as a result of a reduction in which pressure?
Antworten
-
Capillary hydrostatic
-
Interstitial hydrostatic
-
Plasma oncotic
-
Interstitial oncotic
Frage 59
Frage
Secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the perception of thirst are stimulated by a(n
Antworten
-
Decrease in serum sodium
-
Increase in plasma osmolality
-
Increase in glomerular filtration rate
-
Decrease in osmoreceptor stimulation
Frage 60
Frage
Thirst activates osmoreceptors by an increase in which blood plasma?
Antworten
-
Antidiuretic hormone
-
Aldosterone
-
Hydrostatic pressure
-
Osmotic pressure
Frage 61
Frage
It is true that natriuretic peptides:
Antworten
-
Decrease blood pressure and increase sodium and water excretion
-
Increase blood pressure and decrease sodium and water excretion
-
Increase heart rate and decrease potassium excretion.
Frage 62
Frage
Which enzyme is secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney when circulating blood volume is reduced?
Antworten
-
Angiotensin I
-
Angiotensin II
-
Aldosterone
-
Renin
Frage 63
Frage
What mechanism can cause hypernatremia?
Antworten
-
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
-
Hypersecretion of aldosterone
-
Brief bouts of vomiting or diarrhea
-
Excessive diuretic therapy
Frage 64
Frage
What causes the clinical manifestations of confusion, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage, and coma in hypernatremia?
Antworten
-
High sodium in the blood vessels pulls water out of the brain cells into the blood vessels, causing brain cells to shrink.
-
High sodium in the blood vessels draws chloride into the brain cells followed by water, causing the brain cells to swell.
Frage 65
Frage
Vomiting-induced metabolic alkalosis, resulting in the loss of chloride, causes:
Antworten
-
Retained sodium to bind with the chloride
-
Hydrogen to move into the cell and exchange with potassium to maintain cation balance
-
Retention of bicarbonate to maintain the anion balance
-
Hypoventilation to compensate for the metabolic alkalosis
Frage 66
Frage
The pathophysiologic process of edema is related to which mechanism?
Antworten
-
Sodium depletion
-
Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
-
Lymphatic obstruction
Frage 67
Frage
Insulin is used to treat hyperkalemia because it:
Antworten
-
Stimulates sodium to be removed from the cell in exchange for potassium.
-
Binds to potassium to remove it through the kidneys
-
Transports potassium from the blood to the cell along with glucose.
-
Breaks down the chemical components of potassium, causing it to be no longer effective.
Frage 68
Frage
A major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary for the transmission of nerve impulses is the ratio between
Antworten
-
Intracellular and extracellular Na+ Intracellular Na+ and extra
-
Intracellular and extracellular K+ Intracellular K+ and extracel
Frage 69
Frage
During acidosis, the body compensates for the increase in serum hydrogen ions by shifting hydrogen ions into the cell in exchange for which electrolyte?
Antworten
-
Oxygen
-
Sodium
-
Potassium
-
Magnesium
Frage 70
Frage
Causes of hyperkalemia include:
Antworten
-
Hyperparathyroidism and malnutrition
-
Vomiting and diarrhea
-
Renal failure and Addison disease
Frage 71
Frage
The calcium and phosphate balance is influenced by which three substances?
Antworten
-
Parathyroid hormone, vasopressin, and vitamin D
-
Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin D
Frage 72
Frage
It is true that Kussmaul respirations indicate:
Antworten
-
Anxiety is a cause of respiratory acidosis.
-
A compensatory measure is needed to correct metabolic acidosi
-
Diabetic ketoacidosis is the cause of the metabolic acidosis
Frage 73
Frage
Chvostek and Trousseau signs indicate which electrolyte imbalance?
Antworten
-
Hypokalemia
-
Hyperkalemia
-
HYPOCalcemia
-
Hypercalcemia
Frage 74
Frage
An excessive use of magnesium-containing antacids and aluminum-containing antacids can result in:
Antworten
-
Hypophosphatemia
-
Hypomagnesemia
Frage 75
Frage
The most common cause of hypermagnesemia is:
Antworten
-
Renal failure
-
Pancreatitis
Frage 76
Frage
Two thirds of the body’s water is found in its:
Antworten
-
Intracellular fluid compartments
-
Interstitial fluid spaces
Frage 77
Frage
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure results in edema because of:
Antworten
-
Sodium and water retention
-
Losses or diminished production of plasma albumin
Frage 78
Frage
The existence of hyperkalemia is likely to result in which changes to a person’s electrocardiogram (ECG)?
Antworten
-
Flattened U waves
-
Peaked T waves
-
Depressed ST segments
Frage 79
Frage
Causes of hypocalcemia include:
Antworten
-
Repeated blood administration
-
Pancreatitis
Frage 80
Frage
The electrolyte imbalance called hyponatremia exhibits which clinical manifestations?
Antworten
-
Headache
-
Seizures
-
Paranoia
-
Confusion
-
Lethargy
Frage 81
Frage
The electrolyte imbalance hypercalcemia exhibits which clinical manifestations?
Antworten
-
Diarrhea
-
Calcium based kidney stones
-
ECG showing narrow T waves
-
Lethargy
-
Bradycardia
Frage 82
Frage
What is the effect of low plasma albumin?
Antworten
-
Clotting factors decrease, thus increasing the chance of prolonged bleeding
-
Osmotic pressure decreases, thus water moves from the capillaries to the interstitium
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