2485617
Frage 1
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what increases behavior by presenting positive reinforces? strengthens the response
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positive reinforcement
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negative reinforcement
Frage 2
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positive reinforcement?
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by presenting a pleasurable stimulus after a response.
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strenghtens a response by reducing or removing something negative.
Frage 3
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what increase behavior by stopping or reducing negative stimuli?
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negative reinforcement. (not negative)
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conditioned response
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conditioned stimulus
Frage 4
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what is learned response to a previous neutral stimulus?
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conditioned response
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conditioned stimulus
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unconditional response
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unconditional stimulus
Frage 5
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what originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response.
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conditioned stimulus
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conditioned response
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unconditional stimulus
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unconditional response
Frage 6
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what is an unlearned naturally occurring response?
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unconditional response
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unconditional stimulus
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conditioned response
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conditioned stimulus
Frage 7
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What stimulus is that automatically triggers a response to a previous neutral stimulus?
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unconditional stimulus
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unconditional response
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conditioned response
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conditioned stimulus
Frage 8
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what is the view that PSY should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes?
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behaviorism
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classical conditioning
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neutral stimulus
Frage 9
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when one learns to link 2 or more stimuli and anticipate events?
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classical conditioning
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neutral stimulus
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behaviorism
Frage 10
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When classical conditioning a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning?
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neutral stimulus
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classical conditioning
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behaviorism
Frage 11
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we typically learn to repeat acts that bring rewards and to avoid acts that bring unwanted results?
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operant conditioning
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classical conditioning
Frage 12
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we learned to expect and prepare for significant events such as food or pain?
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classical conditioning
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operant conditioning
Frage 13
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When we learn new behaviors by observing events and by watching others?
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cognitive learning
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stimulus
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adaptability
Frage 14
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when any event or situation that evokes a response?
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stimulus
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cognitive learning
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adaptability
Frage 15
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What study of paranormal phenomena including ESP and psychokinesis?
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porapsychology
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adaptability
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stimulus
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cognitive learning
Frage 16
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when capacity to learn new behaviors that help us cope with changing circumstances?
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adaptability
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porapsychology
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stimulus
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cognitive learning
Frage 17
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body movement vestibular sense receptors?
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hairlike receptors in the semi-circular canals and vestibular sacs.
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extrasensory perception
Frage 18
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controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy clairvoyance and precognition?
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extrasensory perception (ESP)
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hairlike receptors in the semi-circular canals and vestibular sacs.
Frage 19
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what is body movement vistibular sense?
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movement of fluids in the inner ear caused by head/body movement
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rods and cones in the retina
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kinesthetic sensors all over the body
Frage 20
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vision receptors?
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rods and cones in the retina
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kinesthetic sensors all over the body
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movement of fluids in the inner ear caused by head/body movement
Frage 21
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what is body position kinesthesis receptors?
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kinesthetic sensors all over the body
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rods and cones in the retina
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movement of fluids in the inner ear caused by head/body movement
Frage 22
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what principle that one sense may influence another?
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sensory interaction
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embodied cognition
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kinethesis
Frage 23
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what psychological science, the influence of bodily sensations, gestures and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments?
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embodied cognition
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sensory interaction
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kinethesis
Frage 24
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the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts?
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kinethesis
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vestibular sense
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sensory interaction
Frage 25
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the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance?
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vestibular sense
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kinethesis
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sensory interaction
Frage 26
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spinal cord contains a neurological gate that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain?
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gate control theory
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frequency theory
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place theory
Frage 27
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what links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochleas membrane is stimulated?
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place theory
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frequency theory
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gate control theory
Frage 28
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rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch?
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frequency theory
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gate control theory
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place theory
Frage 29
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device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrode threaded into the cochlea?
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cochlea implant
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nerve deafness
Frage 30
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when hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea?
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conduction hearing loss
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nerve deafness
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cochlea implant
Frage 31
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when hearing loss caused by damage to the cochleas receptor cells or to the auditory nerves?
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nerve deafness/sensorineural hearing loss
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cochlea implant
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conduction hearing loss
Frage 32
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a coiled bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; sounds waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve pulses?
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cochlea
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middle ear
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inner ear
Frage 33
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the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing 3 tiny bones?
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middle ear
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cochlea
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inner ear
Frage 34
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the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time?
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frequency
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cochlea
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middle ear
Frage 35
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innermost part of the ear containing the cochlea semicircular canals and vestibular sacs?
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inner ear
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middle ear
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cochlea
Frage 36
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an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent light blink on and off in quick succession?
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phi phenomenom
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perceptual adaptation
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color constancy
Frage 37
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in vision the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even innerted visual field?
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perceptual adaptation
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color constancy
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phi phenomenon
Frage 38
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perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths of reflected by the object?
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color constancy
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perceptual adaptation
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phi phenomenon
Frage 39
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depth cues, such as retina disparity that depends on the use of two eyes?
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binocular cues
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monocular cues
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retinal disparity
Frage 40
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depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective available to either eye alone?
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monocular cues
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retinal disparity
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binocular cues
Frage 41
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a binocular cue for perceiving depth, by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes the brain computes distance?
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retinal disparity
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binocular cues
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monocular cues
Frage 42
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ability to see objects in 3 dimensions?
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depth perception
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visual cliff
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figure ground
Frage 43
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laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals?
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visual cliff
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depth perception
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figure ground
Frage 44
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the organization of the visual field into objects that should out from their surroundings?
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figure ground
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depth perception
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visual cliff
Frage 45
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theory that the retina contains three different color receptors-one most sensitive to red, on to green, one to blue which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color?
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young helmholtz trichromatic
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gestalt
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opponent process theory
Frage 46
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organized whole, meaningful whole?
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gestalt
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opponent process theory
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young Helmholtz trichromatic
Frage 47
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opposing retinal process enable color vision?
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opponent process theory
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gestalt
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young Helmholtz trichromatic
Frage 48
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the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously, the brains natural mode of info processing fro many functions including vision?
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parallel processing
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feature detectors
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blind spot
Frage 49
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nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape angle or movement?
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feature detectors
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blind spot
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parallel processing
Frage 50
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the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a blind spot because no receptor cells are located there?
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blind spot
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parallel processing
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feature detectors
Frage 51
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retinal receptors that detect black white and gray needed for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond?
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rods
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accommodations
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cones
Frage 52
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the process by which the eyes lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina?
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accommodations
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cones
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rods
Frage 53
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retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions?
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cones
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rods
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accommodations
Frage 54
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when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus?
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extinction
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higher order conditioning
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acquisition
Frage 55
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a procedure in which the unconditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus creating a second often weaker conditioned stimulus?
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higher order conditioning
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acquisition
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extinction
Frage 56
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initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response?
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acquisition
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extinction
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higher order conditioning
Frage 57
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reappearance after a pause of an extinguished conditioned response?
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spontaneous recovery
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generalization
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discrimination
Frage 58
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tendency once a response has been conditioned for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar response?
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generalization
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discrimination
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spontaneous recovery
Frage 59
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ability to distinguished between a conditioned stimulus and a unconditioned stimulus?
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discrimination
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spontaneous recovery
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generalization
Frage 60
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thorndikes principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and viceversa?
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law of effect
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operant conditioning
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operant chamber
Frage 61
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learning behavior which ceases if punished or continuous if rewarded?
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operant conditioning
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operant chamber
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law of effect
Frage 62
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chamber also know as skinner box, containing a bar or key an animal can control to obtain food or water?
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operant chamber
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law of effect
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operant conditioning
Frage 63
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the activation, often unconsciousness of certain associations, thus predisposing ones perception memory, or response?
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priming
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signal detection theory
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difference threshold
Frage 64
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faint stimulus detected, no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a persons experience, expectations, motivation and alertness?
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signal detection theory
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difference threshold
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priming
Frage 65
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the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time? we experience the threshold as a just noticeable difference?
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difference threshold
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priming
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signal detection theory
Frage 66
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principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage?
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webers law
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sensory adaptation
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perceptual set
Frage 67
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diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation?
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sensory adaptation
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perceptual set
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webers law
Frage 68
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a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another?
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perceptual set
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sensory adaptation
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webers law
Frage 69
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the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green and so forth?
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hue
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wavelengths
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intensity
Frage 70
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distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short slips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission.
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wavelengths
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intensity
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hue
Frage 71
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the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness of loudness as determined by waves amplitute?
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intensity
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hue
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wavelengths
Frage 72
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ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening?
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irsis
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optic nerve
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fovea
Frage 73
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the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain?
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optic nerve
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fovea
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iris
Frage 74
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the central focal point in the retina, around which the eyes cones cluster?
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fovea
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optic nerve
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iris
Frage 75
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an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need?
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primary reinforcer
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lens
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retina
Frage 76
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transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina?
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lens
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retina
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primary reinforcer
Frage 77
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the light sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus lays of neurons that begin the processing of visual information?
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retina
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primary reinforcer
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lens
Frage 78
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momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; can be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds?
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echoic memory
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conditioned reinforcer
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reinforcement schedule
Frage 79
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stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer, also known as a secondary reinforcer?
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conditioned reinforcer
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reinforcement schedule
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echoic memory
Frage 80
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a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced?
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reinforcement schedule
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echoic memory
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conditioned reinforcer
Frage 81
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a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specific number of response?
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fixed ratio schedule
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continuos reinforcement
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partial (intermittent) reinforcement
Frage 82
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reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs?
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continuous reinforcement
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partial reinforcement
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fixed ratio schedule
Frage 83
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reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement?
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partial (intermittent) reinforcement
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fixed ratio schedule
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continuous reinforcement
Frage 84
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retention independent of conscious recollection?
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implicit/nondeclarative memory
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explicit/declarative memory
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working memory
Frage 85
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memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare?
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explicit/declarative memory
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woking memory
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implicit/nondeclarative memory
Frage 86
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a newer understanding of short term memory that focuses on conscious active processing of incoming auditory and visual spatial information and information retrieved from long term memory?
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woking memory
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implicit/nondeclarative memory
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explicit/declarative memory
Frage 87
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a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses?
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variable ratio schedule
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fixed interval schedule
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variable interval schedule
Frage 88
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a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed?
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fixed interval schedule
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variable interval schedule
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variable ration schedule
Frage 89
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a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals?
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variable interval schedule
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variable ratio schedule
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fixed interval schedule
Frage 90
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behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus?
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respondent behavior
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operant behavior
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latent learning
Frage 91
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behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences?
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operant behavior
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latent learning
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respondent behavior
Frage 92
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learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it?
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latent learning
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respondent behavior
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operant behavior
Frage 93
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desired to perform a behavior to receive promised reward or avoid threatened punishment?
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prosocial behavior
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iconic memory
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extrinsic motivation
Frage 94
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a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; photographic memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second?
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iconic memory
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prosocial
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extrinsic motivation
Frage 95
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positive constructive helpful behavior? opposite of antisocial behavior.
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prosocial behavior
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extrinsic motivation
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iconic memory
Frage 96
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process of getting information out of memory storage?
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retrivial
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sensory memory
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relearning
Frage 97
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the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system?
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sensory memory
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relearning
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retrivial
Frage 98
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a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again?
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relearning
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retrieval
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sensory memory
Frage 99
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a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in -the blank test?
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recall
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spacing effect
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perception
Frage 100
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tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through massed study for practice?
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spacing effect
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perception
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recall
Frage 101
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process of organizing and interpreting sensory information?
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perception
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recall
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spacing effect
Frage 102
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encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words?
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shallow processing
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deep processing
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hippocampus
Frage 103
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encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words?
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deep processing
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hippocampus
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shallow processing
Frage 104
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a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage?
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hippocampus
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shallow processing
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deep processing
Frage 105
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conscious memory of first 3 years is blank?
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infatible amnesia
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serial positon effect
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priming
Frage 106
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our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list?
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serial positon effect
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priming
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infantile amnesia
Frage 107
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the activation, often unconsciously of particular associations in memory?
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priming
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infantile amnesia
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serial position effect
Frage 108
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previous experience and expectations affect the detection and analysis of information from the senses. Explains visual illusions
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top down processing
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bottom up processing
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misinformation effect
Frage 109
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sensory receptors relay information to the brain, brain interprets this information
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bottom up processing
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misinformation effect
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top down processing
Frage 110
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incorporating misleading information into ones memory of an event?
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misinformation
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top down processing
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bottom up processing
Frage 111
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disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information?
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retroactive interference
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proactive interference
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repression
Frage 112
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the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information?
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proactive interference
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repression
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retroactive interference
Frage 113
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psychoanalysis theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts, feeling and memories?
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repression
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retroactive interference
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proactive interference
Frage 114
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enhanced memory after retrieving rather than simply reading information?
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testing effect/retrieval practice effect/test enhanced learning
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(LTP) long term potentiation
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sensation
Frage 115
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an increase in a cells firing potential after brief rapid stimulation?
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(LTP) long term potentiation
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sensation
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testing effect
Frage 116
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sensory and nervous system receiving and representing stimulus energies from our environment?
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sensation
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testing effect
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(LTP) long term potentiation
Frage 117
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operant conditioning basic idea and response?
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organisms associate behavior and resulting events; voluntary operates on environment
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organisms associate events; involuntary/automatic
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source amnesia/misattribution
Frage 118
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classical conditioning basic idea and response?
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organisms associate events; involuntary/automatic
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source amnesia/misattribution
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organisms associate behavior and resulting events; voluntary operates on environment
Frage 119
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attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced heard about read or imagined?
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source amnesia/misattribution
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organisms associate behavior and resulting events; voluntary operates on environment
Frage 120
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process of observing and imitating a specific behavior?
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modeling
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mirror neurons
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encoding
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storage
Frage 121
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frontal lobes neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so?
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mirror neurons
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modeling
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encoding
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storage
Frage 122
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the processing of information into the memory system?
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encoding
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storage
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modeling
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mirror neurons
Frage 123
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the retention of encoded information over time?
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storage
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encoding
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modeling
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mirror neurons
Frage 124
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organizing items into manageable units?
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chunking
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mnemonics
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flashbulb memory
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aplysia
Frage 125
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memory aids, use vivid imagery and organizational devices?
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mnemonics
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chunking
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flashbulb
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aplysia
Frage 126
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a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event?
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flashbulb memory
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aplysia
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chunking
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mnemonics
Frage 127
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california sea slug with a mere 20,000 nerve cells?
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aplysia
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flashbulb memory
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chunking
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mnemonics
Frage 128
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an inability to form new memories?
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anterograde amnesia
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retrogade amnesia
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transduction
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psychophysics
Frage 129
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an inability to retrieve information from ones past?
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retrogade amnesia
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anterograde amnesia
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transduction
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psychophysics
Frage 130
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conversion of one form of energy into another?
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transduction
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psychophysics
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anterograde amnesia
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retrogade amnesia
Frage 131
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study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli?
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psychophysics
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transduction
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anterograde amnesia
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retrogade amnesia
Frage 132
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minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time?
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absolute threshold
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subliminal
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yes
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myth
Frage 133
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below ones absolute threshold for conscious awareness? less than 50%
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subliminal
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absolute threshold
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yes
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myth
Frage 134
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can all 5 tastes be sensed all over tongue?
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yes
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myth
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absolute threshold
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subliminal
Frage 135
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what are the tongue maps?
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myth
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yes
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subliminal
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absolute threshold
Frage 136
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number of human taste buds?
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5,000 to 10,000
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50 to 100 each
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every so many
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every so often
Frage 137
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number os taste buds receptor cells?
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50 to 100 each
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5,000 to 10,000
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every so often
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every so many
Frage 138
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what is the ratio?
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every so many
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every so often
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5,000 to 10,000
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50 to 100 each
Frage 139
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what is the interval?
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every so often
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every so many
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50 to 100 each
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5,000 to 10,000
Frage 140
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a mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment?
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cognitive map
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intrinsic motivation
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A-delta fibers
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nociceptors
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C fibers
Frage 141
Frage
a desired to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake?
Antworten
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intrinsic motivation
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cognitive map
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C fibers
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A delta fibers
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nociceptors
Frage 142
Frage
transmit longer lasting, duller pain?
Antworten
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C fibers
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A delta fibers
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nociceptors
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cognitive map
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intrinsic motivation
Frage 143
Frage
fast acting transmit sharp pain?
Antworten
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A delta fibers
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C fibers
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nociceptors
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cognitive map
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intrinsic motivation
Frage 144
Frage
pain receptors?
Antworten
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nociceptors
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A delta fibers
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C fibers
-
cognitive map
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intrinsic motivation
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