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What is the main objective of a developmental theory? [blank_start]...[blank_end]
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Describe the processes of development
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Predict and explain change
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Predict developmental stages
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EVOLUTION: Think of 2 key characteristics of mammals. [blank_start]...[blank_end]
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Endothermy and Live birth
Frage 3
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Which of the following are typical for primate infants, including humans, in comparison with other mammals?
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Depending on mothers for up to four years
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Extended juvenile stage
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Eyes and ears not entirely shut at birth
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Neural cell proliferation nearly complete at birth
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Rather fast locomotor development
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Rather slow locomotor development
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Eyes and ears shut at birth
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Quick language acquisition
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Underdeveloped neural cell proliferation at birth
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Almost fully independent after two years
Frage 4
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Newborn's sight improves over the first 3 months
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- True
- False
Frage 5
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Infant's hearing starts with mainly lower frequencies and recognizing sounds from the womb. After birth, the frequency range expands and hearing development occurs over..
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The first 8 months
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The first 14 months
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The first 3 years
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The first 7 years
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The first 9 years
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The first 14,5 years
Frage 6
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Auditory and visual tracking for orientation are innate skills to human infants
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- True
- False
Frage 7
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Name the following innate reflexes:
Clinging to hand [blank_start][A][blank_end]
Changing direction of the head when rubbing a finger against their cheeck [blank_start][B][blank_end]
Making walking movements when held up in the air [blank_start][C][blank_end]
Clinging with foot [blank_start][D][blank_end]
Clinging with arms and legs when being dropped [blank_start][E][blank_end]
Trying to move themselves using arms and legs [blank_start][F][blank_end]
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Palmar Reflex
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Rooting
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Stepping
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Plantar Reflex
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Moro Reflex
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Crawling
Frage 8
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MILESTONES!
Which of the following motor development milestones tend to occur within 0-5 months after birth?
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Stepping reflex
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Mini Push-ups when on tummy
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Bounce when held upright
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Sit up
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Crawl
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Pull to sit or stand
Frage 9
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MILESTONES!
Which of the following motor development milestones tend to occur within 6-10 months after birth?
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Sit up
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Crawl
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Stand with support
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Cruise
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Mini push-ups when on tummy
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Pull to a stand
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Stand unsupported
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First steps!
Frage 10
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MILESTONES!
Which of the following motor development milestones tend to occur within 9-15 months after birth?
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Pull to a stand
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Stand unsupported
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First steps!
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Climb stairs with help
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Kick a ball
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Stand with support
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Cruise
Frage 11
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MORE MILESTONES!
Which of the following motor development milestones tend to occur within 16-18 months after birth?
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Dance
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Climb stairs with help
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Walk backwards
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Kick a ball
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Jump from low step
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First steps!
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Run
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Pull to stand
Frage 12
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EVEN MORE MILESTONES!
Which of the following motor development milestones tend to occur around 2 years after birth?
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Run
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Kick a ball
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Jump from a low step
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Jump high
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Run backwards
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Climb stairs with help
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Climb stairs unsupported
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Dance
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Walk backwards
Frage 13
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Self-Locomotion
Crawling is the first step infants learn in self-locomation development. [blank_start][...][blank_end] (True/False)
It occurs at around [blank_start][...][blank_end] months (use numbers and signs such as '-' ).
After crawling, infants learn to walk using a toddling gait at around [blank_start][...][blank_end] months.
Finally, nearly all infants are able to take steps independently by the age of [blank_start][...][blank_end] months.
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True
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8
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13-14
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15
Frage 14
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Dynamic Systems
Infant motor development was previously assigned to increased neurological maturity. Today most research take a Dynamic Systems approach.
Do you know what a Dynamic Systems approach is and what attractors are?
Make sure you know both what these are and what D.S. Theory suggests is the driving force behind development. [3 points]
Antworten
- True
- False
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Which of the following statements is / are true about the role of Dynamic Systems theory within (developmental) Psychology research?
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Dynamic Systems theory aims to explain how behaviour changes lawfully over time
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Dynamic Systems theory emphasizes the 'when' is more important than the 'how' in development
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Dynamic Systems theory states that assessment of development can only be done over time at different intervals
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Dynamic Systems theory highlights the role of the researcher as an element in the dynamic system she is researching
Frage 16
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Thelen did two classic experiments to research the 'disappearing' of the stepping reflex after 2 months with infants. Explain what her goal and set-up were, what the results were and how these fitted within Dynamic Systems theory. [2 points]
I you got it, press 'True'
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 17
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Reaching out
Which of the following statements are true about infant's development of reaching?
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Depth perception needs to have nearly fully developed for an infant to perform a fully succesful reach
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An infant's motivation is important to their reaching approach
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After infants acquire the ability to sit straight, their reaches become quite stable
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With experience, the reaches of infants start to show signs of anticipation
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Soft assembly suggests reaching develops thoughout a mostly universal pattern of smaller steps
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Infants can do perform succesful reaches before they are able to sit up straight
Frage 18
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Soft Assembly
What is true of soft-assembly?
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It means that the development of motor abilities usually takes a slow process consisting of smaller movements that occur in a universal order
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It means motor development is not a fixed sequence, but that it requires variation and that the order in which abilities 'come online' in infants differ
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It means that the individual, smaller movements needed to perform a more complex movement are genetically encoded, but vary in order of occurance
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It means individual components of a complex movement 'come online' in a pretty much universal order, but that the stimuli needed for a child to learn them vary
Frage 19
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In an experiment parents were asked to give infants sticky mitten time for 10/min a day for two weeks. The results compared to another group which made no use of sticky mittens showed no significant increasy in infants' reaching skills.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 20
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Depth Perception and the Visual Cliff
How do you assess whether an infant develops depth perception before or after learning to crawl? Try to asnwer this for yourself first.
Then, answer the following: In the 1960s Gibson and Walk performed the Visual cliff experiment to assess toddler's ability to perceive depths. What did the results show?
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Toddlers up until 1,5 years old have very little sense of depths regardless of crawling, and most of them would cross the cliff whatsoever
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First, toddlers develop peripheral vision and then, after having learned how to crawl, their ability to perceive depth increases and they would no longer cross the cliff
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Only infants who first learned how to crawl had developed both peripheral vision and depth perception and would be hesitant to cross the cliff (but the emotional imput of their caregivers might still persuade them)
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Infants had an intuitive reluctance to cross the cliff, even before their depth perception had fully developed and they knew how to crawl
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Only infants who first learned how to crawl had developed both peripheral vision and depth perception and none of them would cross the cliff anymore
Frage 21
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Slopes
What did Karen Adolph and colleagues find?
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Most toddlers who were cautious of slopes as crawlers would fall down all slopes when they started to walk
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Toddlers who had learned to be cautious of slopes as crawlers were able to adapt this knowledge into walking quite fast
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Up until about 1,5 years old all toddlers tended to have a poor sense of slopes and would fall down most of the slopes regardless of crawling or walking
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Toddlers who first started to walk would need to hold onto a fence in order to transfer the information from their hands into their actions, as they had done when they were crawling
Frage 22
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Which of the following is / are true?
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Knowledge about slopes is behaviour-specific
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New perceptual behaviours only emerge after an action becomes stable
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Crawlers can not match their perceptual abilities to their action abilities
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Since toddlers are in the beginning most dependent on their hands, the senses in their hands develop a lot faster than those in their feet
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Toddlers already show an ability to generalize nowledge gained when learning one specific skill into learning a novel skill
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Toddler's just like to go nuts
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It is known that toddlers can detect steepness, but their vision needs to have fully developed before they can transfer it into action
Frage 23
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Scale Errors
What is an infant most likely to do wrong?
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Try to sit on a chair that is too small for them
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Try to slide down a slide that is too small for them
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Try to ride a bike that is too big for them
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Try to eat a toy vegetable
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