Excretion Quiz

Removal of metabolic waste

Removal of undigested food

Removal of waste via defaecation

Removal of amine groups from amino acids

Removal of your head from your shoulders

Undigested food

Toxic compounds produced by bacteria

Waste substances that may be toxic or are produced in excess by cells

The products of cellular reactions

Your life

It is carried in the blood as hydrogencarbonate ions. These are toxic.

It is carried in the blood as hydrogencarbonate ions. These dissociate to form hydrogen in red blood cells which competes with oxygen and combines with haemoglobin.

It combines directly with haemoglobin and lowers its affinity for oxygen.

It is carried in the blood and lowers its pH.

It dissolves in the blood plasma and combines with water to give carbonic acid, which dissociates to give hydrogen ions, which lower the pH of the blood.

It can enter cells and inhibit respiration.

It can cause photorespiration.

ammonia + carbon dioxide --> urea + water

amino acid + oxygen --> keto acid + ammonia

amino acid + water --> keto acid + oxygen

amino acid + carbon dioxide --> urea + water

amino acid + carbon dioxide --> urea + oxygen

amino acid + oxygen --> keto acid + water

ammonia + carbon dioxide --> urea + water

amino acid + oxygen --> keto acid + ammonia

amino acid + carbon dioxide --> urea + water

keto acid + carbon dioxide --> urea + ammonia

ammonia + oxygen --> urea + carbon dioxide

Control of blood amino acid and carbon dioxide levels

Control of blood amino acid and lipid levels

Control of blood lipid and carbon dioxide levels

Synthesis of bile, plasma proteins and glucagon

Synthesis of bile, plasma proteins and cholesterol

Synthesis of bile, insulin and cholesterol

Storage of vitamins A, B and D, iron and glycogen

Storage of vitamins A, B and D, iron and bile

Storage of vitamins A, B and D, bile and glycogen

Liver cells involved in metabolic processes such as protein synthesis, detoxification, etc

Specialised macrophages involved in the breakdown and recycling of red blood cells

Specialised phagocytes that engulf and ingest red blood cells

Specialised phagocytes involved in the immune system

Magic

Used: 2 molecules of ammonia, 1 molecule carbon dioxide, 1 molecule water Produced: 2 molecules water, urea

Used: 2 molecules of ammonia, 2 molecules carbon dioxide, 1 molecule water Produced: 1 molecule water, urea

Used: 2 molecules of ammonia, 1 molecule water Produced: 1 molecule water, urea

Used: 1 molecule ammonia, 2 molecules carbon dioxide, 1 molecule water Produced: 2 molecules water, urea

Used: 2 molecules of ammonia, 1 molecule oxygen, 1 molecule water Produced: 2 molecules water, urea

Ethanol --> Ethanal --> Ethanoic Acid --> Acetyl Coenzyme A

Ethanol --> Ethanoic Acid --> Ethanal --> Acetyl Coenzyme A

Ethanol --> Ethanoic Acid --> Lactate --> Acetyl Coenzyme A

Ethanol --> Lactate --> Ethanoic Acid --> Acetyl Coenzyme A

Ethanol --> Ethanal --> Acetate --> Acetyl Coenzyme A

Detoxification of alcohol and breakdown of fatty acids

Synthesis of bile and breakdown of fatty acids

Detoxification of alcohol and synthesis of bile

Detoxification of alcohol and control of amino acid levels

Control of amino acid levels and synthesis of bile

Loop of Henle and collecting duct

Loop of Henle, collecting duct and DCT

Loop of Henle, collecting duct, DCT and PCT

Glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, PCT and DCT

Glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, PCT, DCT and collecting duct

Glomerulus, Bowman's capsule and PCT

water

plasma proteins

amino acids

glucose

urea

inorganic ions

red blood cells

white blood cells

platelets

plasma

pores in the endothelium of capillaries

pores in the membrane of the Bowman's capsule

a basement membrane made out of a matrix of collagen fibres to filter out large particles

podocytes in the Bowman's capsule being arranged in finger like projections to allow molecules to pass

the afferent arteriole narrowing into the glomerulus to increase hydrostatic pressure

the efferent arteriole wraps around the PCT so any products left in the blood can diffuse into the PCT

the cell surface membrane is folded into microvilli to increase the surface area available for reabsorption

the cell surface membrane contains co-transporter proteins for facilitated diffusion

the cell surface membrane contains sodium-potassium ion pumps

the cell cytoplasm has many mitochondria to provide ATP for facilitated diffusion

a hairpin countercurrent multiplier

a paperclip countercurrent system

a hairpin opposing current

a countercurrent osmotic flow

a transmuting permeability countercurrent flow

the hypothalamus

the posterior pituitary gland

the anterior pituitary gland

the medulla oblongata

the amygdala

the hypothalamus

the posterior pituitary gland

the anterior pituitary gland

the medulla oblongata

the adrenal gland

The peritoneum (abdominal membrane) acts as a filter. The dialysate is poured into the body through a tube, and needs to be changed every few hours.

Blood is taken from a vein and passed through a dialysis machine so that exchange of substances can occur across a partially permeable membrane.

Blood is removed from the body and replaced with blood from healthy donors.

A new kidney is implanted into the lower abdomen and attached to the blood supply and bladder.

Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)

Foetal cholinergic gonadotrophin (fCG)

Human cholinergic gonadotrophin (hCG)

Haemo chorionic gonatroponin (hCG)

Foetal chorionic gonatroponin (fCG)

Aquaporins

Osmotic pores

Luminal pores

Podocytes

Osmoporins