Criminology

[blank_start]Moral[blank_end] [blank_start]entrepreneurs[blank_end], [blank_start]private[blank_end] [blank_start]interest[blank_end] [blank_start]groups[blank_end], [blank_start]public[blank_end] [blank_start]officials[blank_end], [blank_start]mass[blank_end] [blank_start]media[blank_end], and [blank_start]fear[blank_end] construct and define social problems.

Crime is a violation of [blank_start]conduct[blank_end] [blank_start]norms[blank_end] and [blank_start]rights[blank_end]. Crime is a form of [blank_start]deviance[blank_end]. Crime is a [blank_start]social[blank_end] [blank_start]harm[blank_end] analogous to [blank_start]social[blank_end] [blank_start]injury[blank_end].

Criminalization process: 1. [blank_start]Enactment[blank_end] of [blank_start]legislation[blank_end] that [blank_start]outlaws[blank_end] certain types of [blank_start]behavior[blank_end] 2. [blank_start]Surveillance[blank_end] and [blank_start]policing[blank_end] of [blank_start]behavior[blank_end] 3. If detected, the [blank_start]punishment[blank_end] of that [blank_start]behavior[blank_end].

Many criminologist believe that criminalization tends to maintain [blank_start]unequal[blank_end] [blank_start]social[blank_end] relationships between the [blank_start]powerful[blank_end] and the [blank_start]powerless[blank_end].

Conduct norms are found where ever [blank_start]social[blank_end] [blank_start]groups[blank_end] are formed.

Human rights include [blank_start]personal[blank_end] [blank_start]rights[blank_end] and rights essential to a [blank_start]dignified[blank_end] [blank_start]human[blank_end] [blank_start]existence[blank_end].

Some human right violations have been interpreted to include [blank_start]imperialism[blank_end], [blank_start]sexism[blank_end], [blank_start]racism[blank_end], and [blank_start]poverty[blank_end]

[blank_start]Deviance[blank_end] is any social behavior or social characteristic that departs from society’s norms.

Within the same society, what is deviant varies by [blank_start]social[blank_end] [blank_start]class[blank_end], [blank_start]gender[blank_end], and [blank_start]race[blank_end].

Goals of criminal law: -To keep the public [blank_start]safe[blank_end] from [blank_start]crime[blank_end] and [blank_start]criminals[blank_end]. -To [blank_start]articulate[blank_end] our society’s [blank_start]moral[blank_end] [blank_start]values[blank_end] and [blank_start]concerns[blank_end]. -To [blank_start]protect[blank_end] the [blank_start]rights[blank_end] and [blank_start]freedoms[blank_end] of the citizens by protecting it from potential [blank_start]governmental[blank_end] abuses of [blank_start]power[blank_end].

Criminal law regulates [blank_start]public[blank_end] wrongs, while civil law regulates [blank_start]private[blank_end] wrongs.

Possible outcome for criminal law is [blank_start]conviction[blank_end], while the possible outcome for civil law is [blank_start]liability[blank_end].

[blank_start]Intent[blank_end] is required to be found guilty of criminal law, but not civil law.

Standards of proof: Criminal law is [blank_start]beyond[blank_end] [blank_start]a[blank_end] [blank_start]reasonable[blank_end] [blank_start]doubt[blank_end]. Civil law is [blank_start]a[blank_end] [blank_start]preponderance[blank_end] [blank_start]of[blank_end] [blank_start]evidence[blank_end].

[blank_start]Criminal[blank_end] law is very stringent, while [blank_start]civil[blank_end] law is less stringent.

American criminal law originated from [blank_start]English[blank_end] [blank_start]common[blank_end] [blank_start]law[blank_end].

[blank_start]Breaking[blank_end], [blank_start]entering[blank_end], the [blank_start]dwelling[blank_end] [blank_start]house[blank_end], of [blank_start]another[blank_end], in the [blank_start]night[blank_end] with the intent to [blank_start]commit[blank_end] [blank_start]a[blank_end] [blank_start]felony[blank_end].

[blank_start]Mala[blank_end] [blank_start]in[blank_end] [blank_start]se[blank_end] means evil in itself.

Mala in se are criminal acts that are considered [blank_start]inherently[blank_end] [blank_start]wrong[blank_end].

[blank_start]Mala[blank_end] [blank_start]prohibita[blank_end] means prohibited evil.

Mala prohibita is an act that is a crime merely because it is [blank_start]prohibited[blank_end] by [blank_start]statute[blank_end].

[blank_start]Corpus[blank_end] [blank_start]delicti[blank_end] means body of a crime.

[blank_start]Actus[blank_end] [blank_start]reus[blank_end] means guilty act.

[blank_start]Mens[blank_end] [blank_start]rea[blank_end] means guilty mind.

First degree murder is an example of a [blank_start]purposeful[blank_end] [blank_start]act[blank_end] (i.e. having a [blank_start]plan[blank_end]).

Second degree murder is an example of a [blank_start]knowing[blank_end] [blank_start]act[blank_end] (implies [blank_start]malice[blank_end]).

Voluntary manslaughter and vehicular manslaughter are examples of a [blank_start]reckless[blank_end] [blank_start]act[blank_end] (acts of [blank_start]commission[blank_end]).

Involuntary manslaughter is an example of a [blank_start]negligent[blank_end] [blank_start]act[blank_end] (act of [blank_start]omission[blank_end]).

[blank_start]Coercion[blank_end] is duress or being deprived of free will.

[blank_start]Misadventure[blank_end] is being in the wrong place at the wrong time.

General defects include [blank_start]infancy[blank_end], [blank_start]idiocy[blank_end] and [blank_start]lunacy[blank_end].

The usual distinction between voluntary and involuntary manslaughter is that with involuntary the victims death is [blank_start]unintended[blank_end].

Manslaughter is the unlawful killing of a human being without [blank_start]malice[blank_end] [blank_start]aforethought[blank_end].

The purpose of law is to create [blank_start]conformity[blank_end] and to suppress what the state calls [blank_start]deviance[blank_end].

UCR stands for [blank_start]Uniform[blank_end] [blank_start]Crime[blank_end] [blank_start]Report[blank_end].

Law enforcement agencies active in the UCR Program represents [blank_start]94.2[blank_end] percent of the total population.

Criminal [blank_start]Homicide[blank_end], Forcible [blank_start]Rape[blank_end], Robbery, Aggravated [blank_start]Assault[blank_end], Burglary, Larceny-[blank_start]Theft[blank_end], Motor Vehicle [blank_start]Theft[blank_end], [blank_start]Arson[blank_end] are all included as [blank_start]part[blank_end] [blank_start]1[blank_end] offenses.

Simple [blank_start]Assaults[blank_end], [blank_start]Forgery[blank_end] and Counterfeiting, Fraud, Embezzlement, Stolen [blank_start]Property[blank_end], Vandalism,Weapons, Prostitution and Commercialized Vice, [blank_start]Sex[blank_end] Offenses, [blank_start]Drug[blank_end] Abuse, Gambling, Liquor Laws, [blank_start]Drunkenness[blank_end] and Disorderly Conduct, Vagrancy and a few others are all [blank_start]part[blank_end] [blank_start]2[blank_end] offenses.

The US has the [blank_start]highest[blank_end] homicide rate of any Western democratic nation.

Clearance occurs when three specific conditions are met by at least one person: [blank_start]Arrested[blank_end], [blank_start]charged[blank_end], and [blank_start]turned[blank_end] [blank_start]over[blank_end] to the court for prosecution (whether following arrest, court summons, or police notice).

[blank_start]Violent[blank_end] crimes have the highest clearing rates of all crimes.

NCVS stands for [blank_start]National[blank_end] [blank_start]Crime[blank_end] [blank_start]Victimization[blank_end] [blank_start]Survey[blank_end].

Major influencers in the classical school or criminology are [blank_start]Beccaria[blank_end] and [blank_start]Bentham[blank_end].

[blank_start]Beccaria[blank_end] wrote Of Crimes and Punishment and believed that the legitimacy of criminal sanctions rests on the [blank_start]social[blank_end] [blank_start]contract[blank_end].

[blank_start]Beccaria[blank_end] believed law should be based on “the greatest [blank_start]happiness[blank_end] for the greatest [blank_start]number[blank_end].”

[blank_start]Bentham[blank_end] wrote Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation and believed in [blank_start]hedonic[blank_end] [blank_start]calculus[blank_end]: the idea that humans make decisions on the basis of achieving [blank_start]pleasure[blank_end] and avoiding [blank_start]pain[blank_end].

Bentham held the idea of [blank_start]utilitarianism[blank_end]: a theory that the aim of action should be the [blank_start]largest[blank_end] [blank_start]possible[blank_end] [blank_start]balance[blank_end] of [blank_start]pleasure[blank_end] over [blank_start]pain[blank_end] or the greatest [blank_start]happiness[blank_end] of the greatest [blank_start]number[blank_end].

[blank_start]Rational[blank_end] [blank_start]Choice[blank_end] [blank_start]Theory[blank_end] holds that individuals will engage in delinquent and criminal behavior after weighing the [blank_start]consequences[blank_end] and [blank_start]benefits[blank_end] of their actions.

[blank_start]General[blank_end] [blank_start]deterrence[blank_end] refers to the idea that punishing one person for a crime will discourage others from committing similar acts.

[blank_start]Specific[blank_end] [blank_start]deterrence[blank_end] refers to the idea that punishing the offender will discourage him/her from committing future criminal acts after experiencing the painfulness of punishment.

The [blank_start]positivist[blank_end] school of criminology believes that the scientific method can be used to examine the causes of human behavior.

[blank_start]Lombroso[blank_end] argued that there were [blank_start]biological[blank_end] differences between criminals and non-criminals.

[blank_start]Gall[blank_end] proposed Phrenology, the idea that the [blank_start]lower[blank_end] section of the brain would be [blank_start]largest[blank_end] in criminals.

[blank_start]Sheldon[blank_end] proposed Somatology, the idea that people’s body [blank_start]shapes[blank_end] affect their personalities and the crimes they commit.

[blank_start]Freud[blank_end] believed the three components of the personality were the [blank_start]id[blank_end], [blank_start]ego[blank_end], and [blank_start]superego[blank_end].