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Frage 1
Frage
In your class you listened to a couple of sounds and examined your reactions to them. When you heard the sound of the dentist's drill, which of the following could accurately describe your emotional reactions to the sound:
Antworten
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They were the same as the unconditioned responses
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They were the opposite to the unconditioned responses
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They were innate responses.
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They were similar to the unconditioned responses, but were missing certain features
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They were unconditioned responses.
Frage 2
Frage
Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding shaping by successive approximations?
Antworten
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Shaping can be used to train any possible behaviour.
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You make the criteria for reinforcement more stringent as the training proceeds.
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Holding off reinforcement keeps them keen.
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Shaping occurs more easily with primary reinforcers.
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Punishment is an effective way to shape a behaviour.
Frage 3
Frage
A woman had an extreme phobia to frogs (batrachophobia). One rainy day while slipping on a pair of weather-proof boots, she touched a frog that was hiding inside the boot with her foot and suffered a panic attack. Now she can't go near boots. How did this new phobia (to gum boots) arise?
Antworten
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Discrimination learning
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Generalisation
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Secondary conditioning
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Instrumental avoidance learning
Frage 4
Frage
Jake has aichmophobia, which is a fear of needles or syringes. This phobia is becoming so severe that he cannot bring himself to visit a doctor, go to the beach, or even walk across public parklands in case he comes into contact with needles. How would you describe this aspect of Jake's behaviour?
Antworten
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It is an avoidance response
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It is a socially learned response
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It is a secondarily conditioned response
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It is an omission response
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It is a generalised response
Frage 5
Frage
Which of the following phenomenon is ONLY present in instrumental conditioning and not in classical conditioning?
Antworten
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The learned response can be extinguished.
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The extinguished response can spontaneously recover after a period of time has elapsed.
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The learned response can generalise.
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The response comes after something happens or after something fails to happen.
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The response causes something to happen or prevents something from happening.
Frage 6
Frage
What is an effective way to reduce an avoidance behaviour?
Antworten
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Exposure therapy (extinction of the discriminative stimulus
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Flooding (preventing the response)
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Extinction of the avoidance response
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Thinking of kittens. But only really cute ones.
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A and B
Frage 7
Frage
A person sees an "open" sign on a shop door and walks into the store to buy something. The sign on the door controls the person's shopping behaviour by acting as a:
Antworten
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Conditioned stimulus
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Unconditioned stimulus
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Discriminative stimulus
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Conditioned reinforcer
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Positive reinforcer
Frage 8
Frage
Two children are at a party and get into a fight. The parent of the first child doesn't get cross, but immediately takes her child home. The second parent screams at her child. What behavioural management techniques did these two parents use?
Antworten
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Negative reinforcement (avoidance learning) and punishment respectively
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Negative reinforcement (avoidance learning) and negative punishment (omission training) respectively
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Punishment and negative punishment (omission training) respectively
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Negative punishment (omission training) and negative reinforcement (avoidance learning) respectively
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Negative punishment (omission training) and punishment respectively
Frage 9
Frage
Can classical and instrumental conditioning interact?
Antworten
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Yes, an example would be extinction.
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Yes, an example would be secondary or conditioned reinforcers.
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Yes, but it causes a massive explosion. Clever people are trying to see if they can run cars with this.
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Yes, but it has only been observed in Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer in rats.
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No, because they are different types of learning.
Frage 10
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Cook et al (1986) examined the acquisition of fears in people by pairing pictures with a brief but unpleasant electric shock. The four pictures they used were: a spider; a flower; a mushroom; a snake. During a test, they were shown the same pictures and their level of stress was monitored via electrocardiogram (for heart rate). There were no differences between these images if they hadn't been followed by shock. However, if these images had been paired with a shock, fear was more potently expressed to the pictures of spiders and snakes than flowers and mushrooms. How might the results of this experiment be interpreted?
Antworten
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The subjects were able to learn to fear specific types of stimuli
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The subjects were able to learn to fear specific types of stimuli.
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The subjects had an innate predisposition to learn to fear specific types of stimuli.
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The subjects were born with fears of specific types of stimuli.
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A, B and C.
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A, B but not C.
Frage 11
Frage
During mating season, the brolga (an Australian native bird) displays a ritual courting "dance". Apart from being renowned for its intricacy and beauty, this courting dance is an example of an FAP. Which of the following statements is therefore most likely to be FALSE?
Antworten
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The courting dance can occur spontaneously (i.e. without a releasing stimulus).
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Once started, the courting dance continues until it is completed.
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The courting dance depends on the brolgas being in the right hormonal state.
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Each brolga's courting dance is highly original, changing dramatically from brolga to brolga.
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The courting dance lasts longer and involves more muscle systems than a typical reflex.
Frage 12
Frage
Instinctual behaviours differ from reflexes in that instinctual behaviours:
Antworten
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(i) involve several muscle systems, (ii) are short-lived, and (iii) are insensitive to the motivational state of the organism.
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(i) involve few muscle systems, (ii) are short-lived, and (iii) are sensitive to the motivational state of the organism.
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(i) involve several muscle systems, (ii) last longer, and (iii) are sensitive to the motivational state of the organism.
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(i) involve no more than three muscle systems, (ii) last longer, and (iii) are insensitive to the motivational state of the organism.
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(i) involve few muscle systems, (ii) last longer, and (iii) are insensitive to the motivational state of the organism.
Frage 13
Frage
What is a drive?
Antworten
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Emotional tension caused by a biological need.
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The 'psychic force' that energises behaviour.
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The pleasure induced when a homeostatic need is satisfied.
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A tendency to behave brought about by an unsatisfied need.
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The big crankshaft underneath your car.
Frage 14
Frage
In an experiment, 4-month old children are played songs that are consonant (harmonic) or dissonant (inharmonic). The babies spent more time fixating on a speaker when the consonant music was played than when the dissonant music was played. What does this experiment tell us?
Antworten
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Babies have an innate bias to prefer musical instead of non-musical sound.
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The babies preferred consonant music because they became familiar with it from listening to the music their parents play (which is predominantly consonant music).
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Babies have an innate predisposition to acquire a love of harmonic melodies.
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The babies were more likely to learn to play a musical instrument when they got older.
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Options A, B and C are all possible.
Frage 15
Frage
Which of these is the best example of an instinctual response?
Antworten
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Seeking warmth when sick.
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Cuddling a baby because they are so small and dumpy-looking, have big eyes and a fat head, and their arms and legs are so so short.
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Gossiping.
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Pole dancing.
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Learning a language when young.
Frage 16
Frage
Which of these is the best example of a genetic predisposition?
Antworten
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Gossiping.
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Learning a language when young.
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Seeking warmth when sick.
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Cuddling a baby because they are so small and dumpy-looking, have big eyes and a fat head, and their arms and legs are so so short.
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Pole dancing.
Frage 17
Frage
Which of these is the best example of a regulatory drive?
Antworten
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Cuddling a baby because they are so small and dumpy-looking, have big eyes and a fat head, and their arms and legs are so so short
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Gossiping.
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Pole dancing.
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Learning a language when young.
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Seeking warmth when sick.
Frage 18
Frage
Which of these is an example of a universal motive?
Antworten
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Cuddling a baby because they are so small and dumpy-looking, have big eyes and a fat head, and their arms and legs are so so short.
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Seeking warmth when sick.
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Gossiping.
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Pole dancing.
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Learning a language when young.
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