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Research Methods II potential MCQ's

Beschreibung

Taken from the homework. i have added questions to test your knowledge on statistics
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Zusammenfassung der Ressource

Frage 1

Frage
Steven scores 55% on a Mathematics exam, and 74% on an Economics exam. Which is Steven's better subject in comparison with the others in his group if the group means and SDs are 50 and 4 (Mathematics) and 70 and 8 (Economics)?
Antworten
  • Economics
  • Mathematics
  • Equal in both subjects
  • There is not enough information

Frage 2

Frage
TR-8R scores 67% on a accuracy exam, and 38% on an stamina exam. Which is TR-8R's better attribiute in comparison with the others in his group if the group means and SDs are 55 and 8 (Accuracy) and 24 and 4 (Stamina)?
Antworten
  • Stamina
  • Accuracy
  • It is impossible to tell
  • He performs equally in both

Frage 3

Frage
A population of scores has μ = 42. In this population, an X value of 40 corresponds to z = -0.50. What is the population standard deviation?
Antworten
  • 4
  • 2
  • -2
  • -4

Frage 4

Frage
A squadron of scores has μ = 63. In this clone squadron, an X value of 54 corresponds to z = -3. What is the clone squadron's standard deviation?
Antworten
  • 3
  • -3
  • 6
  • -6

Frage 5

Frage
For a population with μ = 60 and σ = 8, what is the X value corresponding to z = -0.50?
Antworten
  • -4
  • 56
  • 64
  • 59.5

Frage 6

Frage
For a population with μ = 78 and σ = 5, what is the X value corresponding to z = 0.8?
Antworten
  • 83
  • 82
  • 8
  • -83

Frage 7

Frage
A population of scores has μ = 44. In this population, an X value of 40 corresponds to z = -0.50. What is the population standard deviation?
Antworten
  • 6
  • 2
  • 4
  • 8

Frage 8

Frage
A population of N = 5 scores has SS = 40. What is the variance for this population?
Antworten
  • 40/5=8
  • 40/4=10
  • 5(40)=200
  • 4(40)=160

Frage 9

Frage
Under what circumstances would a score that is 15 points above the mean be considered an extreme score?
Antworten
  • when the population mean is much larger than 15
  • when the population standard deviation is much larger than 15
  • when the population mean is much smaller than 15
  • when the population standard deviation is much smaller than 15

Frage 10

Frage
For a population with μ = 100 and σ = 20, the X value corresponding to z = 1.50 is
Antworten
  • 101.5
  • 115
  • 121.5
  • 130

Frage 11

Frage
A population of scores has σ = 20. In this population, a score of X = 80 corresponds to z = +0.25. What is the population mean?
Antworten
  • 70
  • 75
  • 85
  • 90

Frage 12

Frage
In N = 25 games last season, the college basketball team averaged μ = 74 points with a standard deviation of σ = 6. In their final game of the season, the team scored 90 points. Based on this information, the number of points scored in the final game was ____.
Antworten
  • A little above average
  • Far above average
  • above average, but it is impossible to describe how much above average
  • There is not enough information to compare last year with the average.

Frage 13

Frage
What is the value of SS for the following sample? Scores: 1, 3, 5
Antworten
  • SS=8
  • SS=8/2
  • SS=8/3
  • SS=8*8

Frage 14

Frage
The Pearson correlation measures _____.
Antworten
  • the degree of curvilinear relationship
  • the degree of relationship without regard to the form of the relationship
  • the degree of linear relationship
  • the degree to which the relationship is consistently one directional

Frage 15

Frage
A scatter plot shows a set of data points that are widely scattered around a line that slopes down to the right. Which of the following values would be closest to the correlation for these data?
Antworten
  • -0.4
  • -0.8
  • 0.4
  • 0.8

Frage 16

Frage
A scatter plot shows a set of data points that are closely scattered around a line that slopes down to the left. Which of the following values would be closest to the correlation for these data?
Antworten
  • 0.7
  • -0.7
  • -0.2
  • 0.2

Frage 17

Frage
A Pearson correlation of r = +1.00 between X and Y indicates _____.
Antworten
  • Every change in X causes a change in Y
  • Each time X increases, there is a perfectly predictable increase in Y
  • All of the other 3 choices occur with a correlation of +1.00.
  • Every increase in X causes an increase in Y

Frage 18

Frage
A Pearson correlation of r = -1.00 between X and Y indicates _____.
Antworten
  • Every change in X causes a change in Y
  • Each time X decreases, there is a perfectly predictable decrease in Y
  • All of the other 3 choices occur with a correlation of -1.00.
  • Every increase in X causes an increase in Y

Frage 19

Frage
Which of the following sets of correlations correctly shows the highest to lowest degree of relationship?
Antworten
  • -0.91, +0.83, +0.10, -0.03
  • +0.83, +0.10, -0.91, -0.03
  • -0.91, +0.83, -0.03, -0.10
  • +0.83, +0.10, -0.03, -0.91

Frage 20

Frage
The Pearson correlation is calculated for a sample of n = 25 individuals. What value of df should be used to determine whether or not the correlation is significant?
Antworten
  • 23
  • 25
  • Cannot be determined without additional information
  • 24

Frage 21

Frage
The results of a correlation analysis are as follows: r(72) = .56, p = .046. Calculate the coefficient of determination (R2):
Antworten
  • .44
  • .046
  • .56
  • .31

Frage 22

Frage
The results of a correlation analysis are as follows: r(123) = .75, p = .034. Calculate the coefficient of determination (R2):
Antworten
  • .57
  • .56
  • .43
  • .74

Frage 23

Frage
When we convert a score into a score from a probability distribution, it becomes a _______.
Antworten
  • Test score
  • Probability
  • Test Statistic
  • Significance Value

Frage 24

Frage
The p value is a conditional probability, and represents ________.
Antworten
  • The probability of finding the effect if the null hypothesis was false
  • The probability of not finding the effect if the null hypothesis was true
  • The probability of finding the effect if the null hypothesis was true

Frage 25

Frage
A researcher conducts an experiment and discovers a non-significant (p > .05) difference between her two experimental groups. What is the next step she should take?
Antworten
  • Fail to accept the alternate hypothesis
  • Reject the null hypothesis
  • Accept the alternate hypothesis
  • Fail to reject the null hypothesis

Frage 26

Frage
The first step in hypothesis testing is to:
Antworten
  • Generate a hypothesis
  • Measure the relationship between variables
  • Decide whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis
  • Calculate the p value

Frage 27

Frage
Which of the following is a two-tailed hypothesis?
Antworten
  • We predict that the scores of Group A should be significantly higher than the scores of Group B
  • We predict a positive relationship between the scores of Group A and Group B
  • We predict that the scores of Group B should be significantly higher than the scores of Group A
  • We predict a significant difference between the scores of Group A and Group B

Frage 28

Frage
Which of the following is an example of a null hypothesis?
Antworten
  • The scores of Group A will correlate with the scores of Group B
  • The scores of Group A will be greater than the scores of Group B
  • The scores of Group A and Group B will not differ significantly
  • The scores of Group A and Group B will differ significantly

Frage 29

Frage
Which of the following is the most appropriate description of a Type I error?
Antworten
  • Fail to reject the null hypothesis when it is false
  • Fail to reject the null hypothesis when it is true
  • Reject the null hypothesis when it is true
  • Reject the null hypothesis when it is false

Frage 30

Frage
Which of the following is the most appropriate description of a Type II error?
Antworten
  • Fail to reject the null hypothesis when it is true
  • Reject the null hypothesis when it is false
  • Fail to reject the null hypothesis when it is false
  • Reject the null hypothesis when it is true

Frage 31

Frage
A researcher conducts an experiment and discovers a significant (p < .05) difference between her two experimental groups. What is the next step she should take?
Antworten
  • Reject the null hypothesis
  • Fail to reject the null hypothesis
  • Accept the alternate hypothesis
  • Fail to accept the alternate hypothesis

Frage 32

Frage
A researcher decides to run a correlation to discover whether a positive relationship exists between variable X and variable Y. He should conduct a _____.
Antworten
  • 2 tailed test
  • 1 tailed test
  • Type II test
  • Type I test

Frage 33

Frage
An independent-measures t hypothesis test is appropriate when ____.
Antworten
  • the mean for a treated group of subjects is compared to a known population mean
  • there are two separate samples containing different subjects
  • the value for s is known
  • one sample is used to test a hypothesis about one population

Frage 34

Frage
Which of the following research situations is most likely to use an independent-measures design?
Antworten
  • Evaluate the difference in verbal skills between 3-year-old girls and 3-year-old boys.
  • Evaluate the effectiveness of a diet program by measuring how much weight is lost during 4 weeks of dieting.
  • Evaluate the effectiveness of a cholesterol medication by comparing cholesterol levels before and after the medication.
  • Evaluate the development of verbal skills between age 2 and age 3 for a sample of girls.

Frage 35

Frage
A researcher reports t(24) = 5.30 for an independent-measures experiment. How many individuals participated in the entire experiment?
Antworten
  • 25
  • 12
  • 26
  • 24

Frage 36

Frage
An independent-measures experiment uses one sample with n = 10 and a second sample with n = 15 to compare two experimental treatments. The t statistic from this experiment will have degrees of freedom equal to ____.
Antworten
  • 23
  • 24
  • 25
  • 26

Frage 37

Frage
The results of an independent-measures research study are reported as "t(5) = -2.12, p = .67, two tails." What statistical decision was made?
Antworten
  • There was a marginally significant effect.
  • The researcher failed to reject H0.
  • The null hypothesis was rejected.
  • Cannot be determined from the researcher's statement

Frage 38

Frage
Which of the following is a parametric test?
Antworten
  • Wilcoxon
  • Mann-Whitney
  • Spearman's RHO
  • Pearson's r

Frage 39

Frage
Which is NOT an assumption underlying Parametric tests?
Antworten
  • At least interval level data
  • Normally Distributed
  • Doesn't meet the homogeneity of variance
  • No extreme scores

Frage 40

Frage
What is the Pearson r in this correlation?
Image:
a125bab5-1948-4db0-900c-75c1af7ef286 (image/png)
Antworten
  • -.296
  • 211
  • .000
  • 1

Frage 41

Frage
What is the P value in this Pearson correlation?
Image:
4c236929-e952-457c-b614-9ccac2764de4 (image/png)
Antworten
  • P=.000
  • P<.001
  • P>.001
  • P=-.291

Frage 42

Frage
What is the sample size used?
Image:
dadd4620-12d8-423a-8eb4-e29bf1fcafcf (image/png)
Antworten
  • 211
  • 1
  • .000
  • -.291

Frage 43

Frage
What is the P value and can we reject the null hypothesis?
Image:
e9237892-f40d-480c-875b-3571faf1ab89 (image/png)
Antworten
  • .993, no
  • .993, yes
  • .987, no
  • .000, yes

Frage 44

Frage
There is a _______ % chance of the results being obtained by sampling error alone
Image:
1fcba365-f106-4e78-880e-7b57ef29df54 (image/png)
Antworten
  • 99%
  • -0.1%
  • -.009%
  • 98%

Frage 45

Frage
What does reliability mean?
Antworten
  • Used to measure the degree to which something measures what it is supposed to and whether the cause and effect can be understood
  • Used to measure the degree of which measurements are consistent or repeatable and whether the experiment yields similar reults
  • Should yield similar results irrespective of who administers it
  • Face, content, concurrent etc

Frage 46

Frage
What does validity mean?
Antworten
  • To what degree are measurements consistent and repeatable
  • To what degree the experiment measures what it is supposed to
  • To what degree findings are similar irrespective of who administers them
  • Includes internal consistency measures e.g. split half, odd-even etc

Frage 47

Frage
Which is NOT a method of assessing reliability?
Antworten
  • Cronbach's Alpha
  • Test-retest
  • Inter-rater
  • Known groups

Frage 48

Frage
What is the correct order for hypothesis testing?
Antworten
  • Generate a hypothesis, Conduct a study, Work out probability, Decide to reject or accept the null hypothesis
  • Conduct a study, Generate a hypothesis, Work out probability, Decide to reject or accept the null hypothesis
  • Work out probability, Generate a hypothesis, Decide to reject or accept the null hypothesis, Conduct a study
  • Decide to reject or accept the null hypothesis, Conduct a study, Work out probability, Generate a hypothesis

Frage 49

Frage
What is the critical region in relation to a normal distribution?
Antworten
  • The middle 95%
  • The 5% underneath the tails
  • The whole curve
  • There isn't a critical region

Frage 50

Frage
What is the SS of the following numbers? 5,7,1,4
Antworten
  • 18.74
  • -36.745
  • 36.75
  • 10.5

Frage 51

Frage
Chocolate will positively correlate with happiness. What type of directional hypothesis is this?
Antworten
  • One-tailed
  • Two-Tailed
  • Type I
  • Type II

Frage 52

Frage
In a set of data with extreme scores what would be the best measure of central tendency?
Antworten
  • Mean
  • Median
  • Mode
  • Range

Frage 53

Frage
Repeated measures, normally distributed, Violation of homogeneity of variance. What statistical test should be used?
Antworten
  • Wilcoxon
  • Mann-Whitney
  • Pearson's r
  • Chi-Square

Frage 54

Frage
Independent groups, Normally distributed, Violation of homogeneity of variance. What statistical test should be used?
Antworten
  • WIlcoxon
  • Chi-square
  • Mann-Whitney
  • Spearman's RHO

Frage 55

Frage
The standard error is...
Antworten
  • The standard deviation divided by the square root of the number of participants in the sample
  • The square root of variance
  • A point estimate
  • N squared

Frage 56

Frage
What is t when the sample mean is 36 and the population mean in 57 and a standard error of 5.6?
Antworten
  • -3.75
  • 3.75
  • 4.28
  • -4.28

Frage 57

Frage
In relation to Cohen's d what are the effect sizes?
Antworten
  • 0.2=small, 0.5=moderate, 0.8=large
  • 0.2=large, 0.5=moderate, 0.8=small
  • 0.3=small, 0.6=moderate, 0.9=large
  • 0.3=large, 0.6=moderate, 0.9=small

Frage 58

Frage
If two variables are totally independent, then the correlation between them is:
Antworten
  • -0.1
  • -1
  • 1
  • zero

Frage 59

Frage
In an independent t-test, you would use the equal variances are not assumed part of the output when Levene's test is
Antworten
  • Above a criterion significance level (e.g. p>0.05)
  • Below a criterion significance level (e.g. p<0.05)
  • When number of participants are unequal in the two conditions
  • When you have skewed data

Frage 60

Frage
Levene's test is:
Antworten
  • A test of heterogeneity that relies on the assumption of abnormality
  • A test of homogeneity that relies on the assumption of abnormality
  • A test of heterogeneity that does not rely on the assumption of normality
  • A test of homogeneity of variances that does not rely on the assumption of normality

Frage 61

Frage
We can't use a single t-test to compare:
Antworten
  • 1 group to a population (one;sample t;test)
  • 2 groups to each other (independent;samples t;test)
  • Scores on 2 measures to each other (paired;samples t;test)
  • More than two groups

Frage 62

Frage
How many t-test comparisons would you need to conduct as follow ups, if there are 8 levels in the factor?
Antworten
  • 21
  • 25
  • 28
  • 35

Frage 63

Frage
What is the main problem with using multiple t-tests?
Antworten
  • Increased chances of a type one error (reject the null hypothesis when it is true) as each comparison increases p-value
  • Increased chances of a type two error (failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false) as each comparison decreases p-value
  • There isn't one

Frage 64

Frage
The narrower the confidence intervals:
Antworten
  • The more confidence you can place in your results
  • The less you can rely on the results
  • The greater the chance that your results were due to sampling error

Frage 65

Frage
Repeated measures designs are:
Antworten
  • Are exactly the same power as independent design
  • Less powerful than independent designs
  • More powerful than independent designs
  • None of the above

Frage 66

Frage
Sample means are:
Antworten
  • Point estimates of sample means
  • Interval estimates of population means
  • Interval estimates of sample means
  • Point estimates of population means

Frage 67

Frage
For an experiment comparing two treatment conditions, an independent-measures design would obtain ____ score(s) for each subject and a repeated-measures design would obtain ____ score(s) for each subject.
Antworten
  • 1, 2
  • 2, 1
  • 2, 2
  • 1, 1

Frage 68

Frage
A repeated-measures study finds a mean difference of MD = 5 points between two treatment conditions. Which of the following sample characteristics is most likely to produce a significant t statistic for the hypothesis test?
Antworten
  • A small sample size (n) and a large variance
  • A small sample size (n) and a small variance
  • A large sample size (n) and a small variance
  • A large sample size (n) and a large variance

Frage 69

Frage
For which of the following situations would a repeated-measures research design be appropriate?
Antworten
  • Comparing problem solving skills for science majors versus art majors at a college
  • Comparing self-esteem for students who participate in school athletics versus those who do not
  • Comparing pain tolerance before and after taking a new pain medication
  • Comparing verbal skills for girls versus boys at age 3

Frage 70

Frage
A research report describing the results from a repeated-measures study includes the following: "The data show no significant difference between the two treatments, t(10) = 1.65, p = .07." Based on this report, you can conclude that a total of ____ individuals participated in the research study .
Antworten
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 9

Frage 71

Frage
For the repeated-measures t statistic, df = ____.
Antworten
  • (n1 - 1) + (n2 - 1)
  • n1 + n2 - 2
  • n - 1
  • n1 + n2 - 1

Frage 72

Frage
A repeated-measures experiment and a matched-subjects experiment both produce t statistics with df = 20. Which experiment used more subjects?
Antworten
  • They both used n = 22 subjects
  • Repeated measures
  • They both used n = 21 subjects.
  • Matched subjects

Frage 73

Frage
Which of the following sets of data is most likely to produce a significant t statistic? NB: MD = Mean Difference, SS = Sum of Squared Deviations
Antworten
  • MD = 2 and SS = 10
  • MD = 2 and SS = 100
  • MD = 10 and SS = 10
  • MD = 10 and SS = 100

Frage 74

Frage
If the null hypothesis is true, on average the expected value for the related-samples t statistic is ____.
Antworten
  • 1
  • 1.96
  • t > 1.96
  • 0

Frage 75

Frage
A research report describing the results from a repeated-measures study states, "The data showed a significant difference between treatments, t(22) = 4.71, p < .001." From this report you can conclude that the outcome of the hypothesis test was ____.
Antworten
  • To reject the null hypothesis
  • To fail to reject the null hypothesis
  • To make a Type II error
  • To make a Type I error

Frage 76

Frage
The purpose for post tests is
Antworten
  • To determine whether or not a Type I error was committed.
  • To determine how much difference exists between the treatments.
  • To determine which treatments are significantly different.
  • None of the above.

Frage 77

Frage
In general, the largest F-ratio will be obtained when the differences between sample means are ____ and the magnitudes of the sample variances are ____.
Antworten
  • Small, small
  • Small, large
  • Large, small
  • Large, large

Frage 78

Frage
In analysis of variance, the F-ratio is a ratio of?
Antworten
  • Sample means
  • Sample means divided by variances
  • Variances
  • Sample variances divided by sample means

Frage 79

Frage
In analysis of variance, the term factor refers to ____.
Antworten
  • A dependent variable
  • An independent (or quasi-independent) variable
  • A treatment mean
  • A treatment total

Frage 80

Frage
When the null hypothesis is true for an ANOVA, what is the expected value for the F-ratio?
Antworten
  • 0
  • 1.00
  • k - 1
  • N - k

Frage 81

Frage
For an experiment comparing more than two treatment conditions you should use analysis of variance rather than separate t tests because ____.
Antworten
  • You are less likely to make a mistake in the computations of ANOVA
  • A test based on variances is more sensitive than a test based on means
  • ANOVA has less risk of a Type I Error because several means are compared in one test
  • ANOVA has less risk of a Type II Error because several means are compared in one test

Frage 82

Frage
Under what circumstances is the experimentwise alpha level a concern?
Antworten
  • Whenever you do an analysis of variance
  • Whenever an experiment compares exactly two treatments
  • Whenever an experiment involves more than one hypothesis test
  • Whenever the alpha level is greater than .05

Frage 83

Frage
How many levels did the independent variable have?
Image:
18c41a34-f41d-47fd-b1a7-de5e7ad415c3 (image/jpeg)
Antworten
  • 2
  • 1
  • 3
  • 4

Frage 84

Frage
Which of the following statistical statements best describes the result of the analysis:
Image:
d11d347f-b860-457b-b393-5298c6aebf55 (image/jpeg)
Antworten
  • F(2,197) = 3.45, p = .034
  • F(2,197) = 3.45, p = 0.034
  • F(2,195) = 3.45, p = 0.034
  • F(2,195) = 3.45, p = .034

Frage 85

Frage
How many participants were included in this analysis?
Image:
0a8a1450-3165-4a14-b840-3c0bfd3676a1 (image/jpeg)
Antworten
  • 195
  • 197
  • 198
  • 194

Frage 86

Frage
A study finds a correlation coefficient of 0.5, what amount of variance is left unexplained?
Antworten
  • 50%
  • 75%
  • 40%
  • 64%

Frage 87

Frage
A study finds an effect size of 64%, what is the value of Pearson's r?
Antworten
  • 0.64
  • 0.36
  • 0.8
  • 36%

Frage 88

Frage
What is the basis or logic of inferential statistical tests?
Antworten
  • To work out the probability of obtaining an effect due to sampling error when the null hypothesis is true
  • To work out the probability of obtaining an effect due to sampling error when the null hypothesis is false
  • To work out the probability of making a type II error
  • All of the answers

Frage 89

Frage
Power of an experiment is:
Antworten
  • α
  • The ability of the experiment to reject the null hypothesis if it is, in fact, false
  • The sensitivity of participants to your experimental manipulation
  • All of the answers

Frage 90

Frage
How do we denote power?
Antworten
  • α
  • 1 - α
  • β
  • 1 - β

Frage 91

Frage
Quasi-experimental designs have?
Antworten
  • Non-random allocation of participants to conditions
  • An IV and a DV
  • No IV or DV
  • Both an IV and a DV as well as non-random allocation of participants in conditions

Frage 92

Frage
The higher the t-value, the more likely it is that the differences between groups are:
Antworten
  • A result of sampling error
  • Not a result of sampling error
  • Similar to each other
  • None of the answers

Frage 93

Frage
The effect size for independent groups, d, can be calculated by:
Antworten
  • (Mean 1 - Mean 2) / mean SD
  • (Mean 1 + Mean 2) / mean SD
  • (Mean 1 - Mean 2) / SEM
  • (Mean 1 + Mean 2) / SEM

Frage 94

Frage
Power is the ability to detect:
Antworten
  • A statistically significant effect where one exists
  • A psychologically important effect where one exists
  • Both Statistically and Psychologically important
  • Design flaws

Frage 95

Frage
A researcher has found a correlation coefficient of r=+.3, CI(95%) = -.2 - (+.7). Which is the most sensible conclusion? We are 95% confident that the population regression line would be:
Antworten
  • Positive (+.3)
  • Zero
  • Negative (-.2)
  • Between -.2 and +.7

Frage 96

Frage
When the between-groups variance is a lot larger than the within-groups variance, the F-value is _____ and the likelihood of such a result occurring by sampling error ____.
Antworten
  • Large;Increases
  • Large;Decreases
  • Small;Increases
  • Small;Decreases
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