Zusammenfassung der Ressource
Frage 1
Frage
Which of the following is/are true about Active and Passive aspects of respiration?
Antworten
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The phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm, the intercostal nerve innervates the inner intercostal muscles
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In inspiration, the diaphragm moves down and outward to flatten at the bottom.
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In expiration the ribs rise.
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Exhalation is passive in part because of lung tissue elasticity
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Compliance and elasticity have an inverse relationship
Frage 2
Frage
Which of the following is/are true regarding lung surfactant?
Antworten
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It is made of DPPC, a collagen-like glycoprotein
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It is secreted by alveolar type 1 cells
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It is meant to increase surface tension of alveoli to prevent collapse
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In the absence of surfactant, smaller alveoli would collapse and larger alveoli would continuously expand
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It increases compliance
Frage 3
Frage
Which of the following is/are true about the gas conductance and exchange apparatus?
Antworten
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There is turbulence in the upper airways but laminar flow in the lower airways
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Gravity affects blood causing greater blood pressure at the base of the lungs resulting in decreased flow but increased O2 perfusion
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Cells between the pharynx and bronchioles are ciliated to prevent particles from reaching the tissues of gas exchange
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Cells of the nasal cavity, larynx, and true vocal folds are all stratified squamous epithelium but only the nasal cavity is keratinized
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Club/Clara cells can be found in the bronchi
Frage 4
Frage
Which of the following is/are true about Carbon MONOXIDE and Carbon DIOXIDE with respect to the respiratory apparatus?
Antworten
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Most of the CO2 is bound to hemoglobin
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A shift to the right is indicative of decreased affinity, meaning O2 is being released to tissues
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Carbon monoxide has a higher affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen, prevents oxygen on Hb from being released, and is diffusion limited
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A shift to the left is indicative of decreased Hb affinity for O2, meaning O2 is being released to tissues
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Disolved CO2 gas in blood can be detected by the aortic body
Frage 5
Frage
Which of the following is correct regarding voluntary and involuntary control of breathing?
Antworten
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The limbic system's effect on respiration is involuntary and based on emotional state
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The cortex is associated with voluntary breathing
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The dorsal respiratory group is associated with expiration, the ventral with inspiration
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The Pre-Botzinger complex sets the rhythm
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The apneuistic center is excitatory and the pneumotaxic center is inhibitory
Frage 6
Frage
Emphysema versus Fibrosis
Antworten
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Emphysema causes increased compliance through destruction of elastic fibers due to inflammation
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Fibrosis is a reduction in compliance due to increased connective tissues.
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Smoking can cause both emphysema and fibrosis
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Emphysema leads to left side heart failure
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MMPs, free radicals and elastase cause the tissue damage seen in emphysema
Frage 7
Frage
Which of the following is/are true about atelectasis and pneumonia?
Antworten
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Atelectasis is an airway obstruction from collapsed alveoli
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Pneumonia is caused by infection at the alveoli causing fluid build up which reduces gas exchange
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Pneumonia has the greater O2 saturation between the two
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Atelectasis is caused by insufficient surfactant and causes decreased blood flow
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Atelectasis has the greater O2 saturation between the two
Frage 8
Frage
Which of the following is/are true regarding the chemoreceptors?
Antworten
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The central chemoreceptors are located on the dorsal side of the medulla and senses H+
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The central chemoreceptors are associated with the vagus nerve
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The aortic body reacts faster than the carotid body
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The aortic body detects and responds to changes in pO2, pCO2, temperature, and pH
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The aortic body is more involved in normoxia than the carotid body
Frage 9
Frage
Which of the following could you treat with oxygen therapy?
Antworten
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Atmospheric hypoxia
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Emphysema
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Hypoventilation
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Hyperventilation
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Athsma