Chapter 17

rolling prairies, south of the Missouri River

rough, semi arid, lands, at the foot of the Rocky Mountains

east of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, parched deserts

treeless, nearly flat with grassy hillocks, from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains

men held positions of authority, cleared grounds for farming, supervised ceremonial activities, hunters; women did domestic work, reared children, gatherers, had roles in political, economic, and religious activities

tribes and bands depended horses for transportation and buffalos for weapons, fuel for fire, food, housing, clothing, glue

tribes of thousands broke down into bands of hundreds who all spoke the same dialects and were often dependent on one another

fierce warriors, fighting between tribes and/or bands took place as brief skirmishes or small raids

prohibited white men from entering Indian land without a license

assigned definite boundaries to each Indian tribe

small reservations for Indian tribes to civilize them up to American standards

exchanged land for assimilation

divided tribal lands into small plots for distribution among Native Americans

any extra land not given away was sold to white settlers with the profits going towards Native American schools

American citizenship was given to Native Americans who accepted their land, lived away from their tribes, and assimilated

government kept Native American lands in their trusts for 25 years to keep them from falling into the hands of speculators

forced into reservations

settlers taking their land and supplies

diseases brought over by white settlers and explorers

extermination of the buffalo

160 acres of land to those who planted trees on a quarter of the land within four years

160 acres of land to those who paid a registration fee and pledged to live on and cultivate the land for five years

family heads received 160 acres of land, single adults 80 acres, and children received 40 acres of land

buy up to 160 acres of land for $1.25 per acre, provided that they irrigate part of the bought land in three years

oil companies

steel companies

mining companies

railroad companies

Northwest Ordinance of 1787 (established rules on how territories became states)

president appointed governor and judges in each territory while Congress detailed their duties, set their budgets, and oversaw their activities

until statehood, territorial government depended on the federal government and national political parties funneled government funds into territorial economies

All of the above

brought new mining, stock raising, ranching methods, and irrigated farming techniques along with new laws, burros, chaps

created legal framework for distributing land and water and the distinctive shape of society ( men headed households, women kept full control of property owned before marriage along and held half title to property in a marriage)

modified economic caste system, strong Protestant influence, primary use of Spanish language

established present day economic structure of the Southwest

Pikes Peak, Colorado and Carson River Valley, Nevada in 1859

Klondike Gold Rush, 1876

1874-1876, Black Hills, Dakota Territory

California Gold Rush of 1849, Big Bonanza in 1873, Sierra Nevada

severe droughts, declining crop prices, swarms of locusts

harsh winters, severe droughts in summers, low crop prices, rising railroad rates

declining crop prices, rising railroad rates, heavy mortgages, severe droughts, harsh winters, locusts, farmers gave up and left

severe droughts, farmers gave up and left, declining crop prices, rising railroad rates, heavy mortgages

farmers planted crops that could survive without watering

farmers plowed furrows 12-14 inches deep to

farmers plowed furrows 12-14 inches deep and created dust mulch to fill the furrows to fertilize their crops

farmers plowed furrows 12-14 inches deep and created dust mulch to fill the furrows, loosened soil to slow evaportaion

imported a variety of European crops to withstand the harsh winters, and new inventions such as iron plows, spring toothed harrow, grain drill, lister, baling press, hay loader, cord binder, barbed wire, bonanza farms

new inventions such as iron plows, spring toothed harrow, grain drill, lister, baling press, hay loader, cord binder, barbed wire

dry farming, new inventions such as iron plows, spring toothed harrow, grain drill, lister, baling press, hay loader, cord binder, barbed wire

dry farming, new inventions such as iron plows, spring toothed harrow, grain drill, lister, baling press, hay loader, cord binder, barbed wire, bonanza farms

earthquakes wreaked havoc upon crops and homes

farmers lived in sod houses, distant from each other

lumber, water, and fences were scarce

fearsome winter storms, harsh spring rainstorms, hot summers, swarms of locusts

cattle ownership, roundups, meal allowance

cattle ownership, branding, guard duty

cattle ownership, pay, meal allowance

cattle ownership, branding, roundups

simple democracy, after strikes, workers organized mining district and adopted rules governing behavior, size and boundaries of claims, and settling disputes

men outnumbered women, mixed with foreign born immigrants

laws were enforced, minor criminals banished, major offenses were hung after being judged by the district

all of the above

Joseph G McCoy had the idea and of using railroads to move cattle, vaqueros developed essential techniques to cattle herding, cowboys began to move cattle by the thousands

vaqueros developed essential techniques to cattle herding, Joseph G McCoy had the idea and of using railroads to move cattle, cowboys began to move cattle by the thousands

Joseph G McCoy had the idea and of using railroads to move cattle, cowboys began to move cattle by the thousands, vaqueros developed essential techniques to cattle herding

vaqueros developed essential techniques to cattle herding, cowboys began to move cattle by the thousands, Joseph G McCoy had the idea and of using railroads to move cattle