Frage 1
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Action potential of neurons is mainly a result of
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Na and K
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Na and Mg
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Ca and K
Frage 2
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Strength of ion currents during action potential is related to
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Duration of hyperpolarisation action potential phase
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Equilibrium potentials of ions
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Distance from point of stimulation
Frage 3
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During action potential which quantity is altered
Frage 4
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Membrane potential operated channels are on
Frage 5
Frage 6
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Ion channel blockers
Frage 7
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Ion channels are filled with
Frage 8
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Action potential is
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alteration of electric polarity of the membrane when cell moves
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membrane response to over-threshold irritation
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nonelectric quantity with chemical nature
Frage 9
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At physiological condition cell membrane is
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solid structure
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gas
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liquid-crystal structure
Frage 10
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Membrane hyperpolarization leads to
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elevation of the membrane potential
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decrease of the membranes potential
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alteration of membrane charge sign
Frage 11
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Membrane depolarization leads to
Frage 12
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Resting potential of cell membrane is measured in
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Megavolts
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Volts (v)
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Millavolts (mv)
Frage 13
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Action potential duration ten times of
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seconds
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milliseconds
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nanoseconds
Frage 14
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Which term is not related to action potential
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Overshoot
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Entropy
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Depolarisation
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Threshold
Frage 15
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During the action potential
Frage 16
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The first law or principle of thermodynamics(TD) is defined for
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covered TD system
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closed TD system
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opened TD system
Frage 17
Frage 18
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Blocking of Na/K pump working non-electrogenous in stage
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make depolarization of cell membrane
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make hyperpolarisation of cell membrane
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make no alteration of cell membrane
Frage 19
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The administration of the blocker tetradotoxin led to alteration of following stage of action potential
Frage 20
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Electrochemical potential is measured by
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direct method with non polarized electrodes
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by the disperse phase velocity in constant electric field
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direct method- electrophoresis with constant electric field
Frage 21
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In Boltzmann equation
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entropy is directly proportional to the temperature
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entropy logarithmically depends on the thermodynamic probability
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entropy is directly proportional to the thermodynamical probability
Frage 22
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The filaments of muscles are based on
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actin fibers
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troponin globules
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myosin fibers
Frage 23
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In cell membranes are present
Frage 24
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The basic condition for arising of membrane potential
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difference of ion concentration on the two sides of them
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difference of temperature concentration on two sides of the membranes
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"one way" permeability of the membrane
Frage 25
Frage
The classic electrophoresis is performed by
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a constant current
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alternated current
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magnetic field
Frage 26
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Smooth muscles are two types
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phasic and tonic
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tonic and synergic
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phasic and antagonistic
Frage 27
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Only phosphorylated myosin can bind to actin
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Ca2+ calmodulin causes phosphorylation of myosin light chain kinase(MLCK)
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Phosphorylated MLCK causes phosphorylation of myosin
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A, B and C
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None of the above
Frage 28
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Each globular head group (often called a crossbridge) of a myosin molecule of skeletal muscle contains:
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A binding site for the attachment of troponin
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A binding site for the attachment of tropomyosin
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An actin binding site and a myosin ATPase site
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One site which binds troponin and another which binds tropomyosin
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A site which is phosphorylated by protein kinase A(PKA), thereby allowing interaction with actin
Frage 29
Frage
In order to make ATP (adenosine triphophate) in muscles, creatine phosphate (CP) transfers ________________ to adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
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Oxygen
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Phosphate
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Adenosine
Frage 30
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A sacromere is part of a
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Myofibril
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Myofilament
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Endomysium
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Perimysium
Frage 31
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Differences between striated (skeletal, cardiac) muscle and unstriated (smooth) muscle include:
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only unstriated muscle is innervated by autonomic nervous system
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only striated muscle exhibits pacemaker activity
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striated muscle can contract in the absence of extracellular Ca2+, but unstriated muscle cannot
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only unstratied muscle has gap junctions
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none of the above are true
Frage 32
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As a skeletal muscle contracts
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The A bands become shorter
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The I band become shorter
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Adjacent Z lines become farther apart
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The H zones don't change in size
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The M lines become shorter
Frage 33
Frage
The period of contraction of a typical ventricular muscle fiber is
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about the same as that of a typical slow skeletal muscle fiber
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shorter than that of a typical atrial muscle fiber
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slightly longer in duration than the action potential in the ventricular fiber
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slightly shorter in duration than the action potential in the ventricular fiber
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longer in duration than contraction in any smooth muscle cell
Frage 34
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The transverse tubular system of skeletal muscle
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has a very small lumenal volume and large surface area relative to the cytoplasmic volume and surface area of the fiber
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propogates action potentials at about the same speed as the surface membrane
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forms gap junctions with the sacroplasmic reticulum (SR)
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never comes closer than about 1 micron from the SR membrane
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does not contain voltage-gated Na+ channels
Frage 35
Frage
During the plateau (phase 2) of the ventricular action potential
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Na+ channels remain open causing the continued depolarization
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Ca2+ channels are mostly closed
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K+ permeability of the membrane is greater than when the membrane is at rest
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Both Ca2+ and K+ permeability of the membrane is lower than when the membrane is at rest
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none of these
Frage 36
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Contractility (or inotropic state) of cardiac muscle is increased by
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increased stretch of cardiac muscle (e.g increased filling of the heart)
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increased myoplasmic Ca2+ during systole
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Ca2+ channel blockers
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Decreased coronary blood supply
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Both A and B will increase contractility
Frage 37
Frage
The sequence for smooth muscle contraction is....
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increased cytosolic calcium, which binds to troponin, complex binds with myosin light-chain kinase which uses ATP to phosphorylate myosin cross-bridges, which bind to actin filaments, resulting in contraction
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increased cytosolic calcium, which binds to calmodulin in cytosol, which binds with myosin cross-bridges resulting in contraction
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increased cytosolic calcium, which binds to calmodulin in cytosol, which moves tromyosin from blocking active sites on actin filament, which binds with myosin cross-bridges, resulting in contraction
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increase cytosolic calcium, which binds to troponin, which moves tropomyosin from blocking active actin filament, which binds with myosin cross-bridges resulting to contraction
Frage 38
Frage
The neuron action potential starts with
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Na+ influx
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Na+ eflux
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N+ influx
Frage 39
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The membrane potential after accessing its maximal valve by constant condition
Frage 40
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The trans-membrane proteins in difference with peripheral
Frage 41
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The most punctual definition of membrane potential valve is defined with the equation of
Frage 42
Frage
Sodium-potassium pump in electrogenic condition
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depolarized cell membrane
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repolarized cell membrane
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hyperpolarized cell membrane
Frage 43
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TTX tetrodoxin is a blocker of
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potassium channels
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sodium channels
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calcium channels
Frage 44
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The contraction of striated muscle
Frage 45
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Thin filaments of muscle
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Actin fibers
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Troponin
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Myosin fibers
Frage 46
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Striated muscles are characterized
Frage 47
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Source of calcium needed for contraction striated muscle (rapid transition)
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Extracellular
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Motor Neurons
Frage 48
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Hyperpolarisation phase of striated muscles
Frage 49
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Mark the correct expression
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all ion channels let pass ions from extra to intra cellular compartment
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all ion channels let pass ions from intra to intra cellular compartment
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ion flow depends on ion type and membrane potential
Frage 50
Frage
The membrane theory of excitation is based on the idea that stimulation of the surface membrane of an excitable cell causes a molecular restructuring that alters the membrane’s permeability and gives rise to transmembranous ion currents
Frage 51
Frage
Source of calcium needed for contraction striated muscle tissue (rapid transition) is
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Extracellular
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Motor Neurons
Frage 52
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Contraction of smooth muscle is _____________ than that of skeletal muscle
Frage 53
Frage
The trans-membrane transport (transdiffusion) is similar to
Frage 54
Frage
Smooth muscle's slow wave is defined by
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Concentration of Na+, K+ and Ca2+
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Concentrations of Na+, K+ and Ca2+ pump
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Concentrations of Na+, K+ and Na/K pump
Frage 55
Frage
Order the polarizations according to their time of appearing
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Ionic, Dipolar, Macrostructural
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Surface, Dipolar, Ionic
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Surface, Macrostructural, Dipolar
Frage 56
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The membrane potential after reaching maximum value
Frage 57
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The membrane lipids are
Frage 58
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transmembrane
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membrane receptor
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organized in layers
Frage 59
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The plateau phase of myocardial cells is determined by
Frage 60
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Membrane potential depends on