Chapter 14

What are the atria?

The blood flows from the [blank_start]right atrium[blank_end] to the [blank_start]right ventricle[blank_end] and from there to the lungs (via the [blank_start]pulmonary artery[blank_end])

The [blank_start]superior vena cava[blank_end] (from from the upper body), the [blank_start]inferior vena cava[blank_end] (blood from the lower body) and the [blank_start]coronary sinus blood[blank_end] (blood from the heart itself) are the veins that bring blood to the right atrium.

In the lungs, [blank_start]carbon dioxide[blank_end] is removed from the blood and [blank_start]oxygen[blank_end] is added.

Oxygenated blood is returned to the [blank_start]left atrium[blank_end] by four [blank_start]pulmonary veins[blank_end], and from there it goes to the [blank_start]left ventricle[blank_end] ([blank_start]valve[blank_end] stops return), which then pumps the oxygenated blood through the [blank_start]aorta[blank_end] to the rest of the body.

The human heart normally contracts at a rate of about how many beats per minute?

A pacemaker is located where?

A pacemaker has a regular electrical discharge which produces the normal rhythmic contraction of the entire heart, at how many BPM by itself?

Ventricular contraction begins:

The contraction phase of the heart is known as [blank_start]systole[blank_end], whereas the relaxation phase is termed [blank_start]diastole[blank_end].

Which is the transmitter for the parasympathetic system?

What is the transmitter for the sympathetic system?

Vagal inhibition of the SA node normally increases HR

Vagal withdrawal may increase HR

HR output [blank_start]increases[blank_end] via the [blank_start]increase[blank_end] in rate of S-A node discharge, the [blank_start]increased[blank_end] in excitability of cardiac tissue, and the [blank_start]increase[blank_end] in contraction force (atrial & ventricular). The SNS also acts to [blank_start]increase[blank_end] cardiac output in certain emotional situations or at extreme levels of exercise.

Baroreceptors are located in the carotid sinus in the neck.

When pressure on the walls of the [blank_start]carotid sinus[blank_end] is low because of [blank_start]decreased[blank_end] blood pressure, this information is transmitted to a cardiac [blank_start]acceleration[blank_end] center in the [blank_start]medulla[blank_end]. SNS [blank_start]increases[blank_end] cardiac output in response are present in the carotid sinus ([blank_start]cardiac output[blank_end] refers to the amount of blood pumped by the heart).

RSA is the natural cycle of [blank_start]arrhythmia[blank_end] that occurs through the influence of [blank_start]breathing[blank_end] on the flow of [blank_start]sympathetic[blank_end] and vagal impulses to the [blank_start]sinoatrial node[blank_end]

R-R interval is [blank_start]shortened[blank_end] during inspiration and [blank_start]prolonged[blank_end] during expiration.

The relatively small ______ wave is produced by electrical currents generated just before contraction of the atria.

The R wave is the most prominent component of the QRS component.

The T wave is caused by re-polarisation of the?

Lead 1 is placed:

For lead 1, The polarity is selected so that when the left arm lead is [blank_start]positive[blank_end], with respect to the right, there is an [blank_start]upward[blank_end] deflection of the P and R segments of the ECG.

Lead II is attached to:

Lead III is attached to:

How many chest electrodes are there?

The frequency of RSA has a range of:

RSA is considered a marker for vagal control.

In [blank_start]cognitive[blank_end] activities, HR [blank_start]increase[blank_end] and SCL increase; in [blank_start]perceptual[blank_end] activities, HR [blank_start]decrease[blank_end] and SCL increase

Cardiac deceleration facilitates stimulus “rejection” whereas cardiac acceleration facilitates stimulus “intake”.