Self & Identity

Which of the following argued that there is nothing beyond us other than our physical selves? As in, there is only the physical us and nothing more. This is known as the bundle theory.

Which of the following argued that we perceive ourselves through others? As in, the conceptualisation of ourselves comes from what we think others see us as, and not from our own selves. This is known as the ego theory.

"[blank_start]Self-schemata[blank_end] are cognitive generalisations about the self, derived from past experience, that organise and guide the processing of self-related information contained in an individual's experience." (Markus, 1977)

Which of the following best describes this theory: "... is the idea that our ideas and self-representations are fluid and open to changing at any given time, and are adaptable to certain social contexts. They can become active or salient at any time during interactions.

Which of the following argued that there is another one of us, metaphysically, and are more than just physical elements?

Schematic information is easier to process than aschematic information (Druian & Catrambone, 1986). True or false?

What are the motivations that Dittmar, Long and Bond (2007) investigated when looking at consumer behaviour?

Which of the following best describes symbolic interactionism?

Who argued that the Dynamic Self-Concept is not diverse enough because it does not account for the different ways in which people perceive themselves?

One research suggested that an individual's inward focus leads to heightened self-awareness and discrepancies between themselves and evaluative standards. This often leads to a negative affective state. Who are they?

A positive affective state will often have traits of an outward focus (expansive, explorative, and affiliative orientation with the outside world). However, a negative affective state will have an inward focus (avoidance orientation to the outside world). This is the correlation of affective state as a determiner of attentional focus. Who said this?

Higgins (1987) suggested that actual-ought discrepancies lead to [blank_start]social anxiety[blank_end], whilst actual-ideal discrepancies lead to [blank_start]depression[blank_end].

One research suggested that a negative affective state leads to poor behavioural self-regulation (e.g. bad hygiene, unhealthy eating, loneliness), whilst a positive affective state leads to good behavioural self-regulation (e.g. good hygiene, healthy eating, positive outlook). Who said this?

Brown (1973) found that factory workers would prefer a lower weekly salary if it ensured a positive differential (i.e. that the group had a higher salary) compared to another group of workers in the same factory. Brown argued that this is because of a desire to positively distinguish themselves from other groups. Is this true or false?

According to Drury and Reicher (1999), a person's social identity can change their behaviour, as well as social interactions with groups can change their social identities. Is this true or false?

According to Sampson (1988, 1993), there are three types of individualism. [blank_start]Self-contained individualism[blank_end] is a predominantly Western ideology that stresses separation from others, and near total independence. [blank_start]Ensembled individualism[blank_end] is a largely non-Western ideology about the individual that is interconnected with others (e.g. relationships, society) that cannot be readily separated from others. They are not mutually exclusive. The [blank_start]dialogic self[blank_end] suggests that the construction of an individual is within social dialogue with other individuals. Meanwhile, the [blank_start]relational self[blank_end] refers to the relation with others and is also interconnected in terms of both society and relationships.

"Becuase we believe in self-contained individuals who think, feel, weigh evidence and values, and act accordingly, we also inherit a handy way of understanding bad action - weirdness, crime, harassment, bigotry and so on. "In all cases we are led to suspect a fault in the internal functioning of the individual. Individuals cause problems and individuals must be repaired - through therapy, education imprisonment, and so on." Who said this?

Which are the two identities that refer to how individuals have a solid, stable identity and one that is fluid and ever-changing depending on the interactions a person has?

"Our social selves is partly predicated on how others see us in different social situations, and not totally dependent on us" Who said this?

According to Tajfel (1979) and the Social Identity Theory, when part of a group of collective of individuals with similar backgrounds to ourselves, we develop a sense of belonging to a particular identity. We also exaggerate our own identity and status as well as others (e.g. "England is the best country to live in," "Italy is the worst"), which then forms in-groups, us and those like us, and out-groups, almost everyone else. We discriminate the out-group to enhance our own. This connects with discrimination (e.g. sexism, racism) and prejudice between cultures. Is this true or false?

"Inter-group" means...

Sherif (1954, 1958, 1961) argued that intergroup hostility occurs when:

Internal attribution is when we assign:

External attribution is when we assign:

The Covariation Model (Kelley, 1967) explains how individuals assign particular actions or behaviours to either internal (a person's characteristics) or external (the environment) control. Low factors are predicated on internal attribution, and high on external. What are the three critiera that people use?

According to Kelley's (1967) Covariation Model, we fall on past experience and look for:

According to Kuhn and McPartland (1954) in the "Twenty Statements Test", which part of us is as socially defined as it is introspectively knowable?

According to Epstein (1973), a major function of self-theory is to do what to positive experiences?

Self-schema refers to:

Self-schema refers to:

Categorisation refers to:

We are ________ on dimensions that are important in defining who we are, and we are ________ in dimensions that are not important to who we are

According to Markus and Sentis (1982, cited in Fiske & Taylor, 1991), would you be faster or slower to respond to self-descriptors if they were schematic (related) to you?

According to Markus and Wurf (1987), do "people tend to judge others on dimensions that are personally important to themselves"? For example, a person who values financial security will judge others on how they handle their income.

A working self-concept refers to:

An affective state is:

Synonymous with self-concept, _____-________ refers to the way in which an individual construes (or thinks about) themselves.

The more that a person adopts an interdependent view of self, do they more or less the view themselves in relation to others?

The more that a person adopts an independent view of self, do they more or less view themselves to be internally attributed?

According to Markus and Kitayama (1991), ________ ________ will differ depending on whether an independent or interdependent construal self is at work.

According to Vignoles, Chryssochoou, and Breakwell (2004), should we presume such homogenised understandings of self within any one culture?

Onorato and Turner (2004) argued against the idea of a working self-concept. This is because they believe that self is not always thought about in personal terms. Instead, they believe in:

Social comparison refers to:

According to Sedikides (1993), is asking oneself questions a good way to understand themselves?

According to Tesser (1988) and the self-evaluation maintenance model, can we increase our self-esteem by observing others?

According to Tesser (1988), if we compare ourselves to others that are talented in the abilities we are sure about, this will:

According to Tesser (1988), if we compare ourselves to others in abilities that are not important to us, this:

Can we counterbalance against possible negative effects of self-esteem? For example, by exaggerating the ability of a successful target, changing comparison, distancing ourselves, or devaluing them (Tesser, 1988)?

In response to the Tesser (1988) model, Stapel and Blanton (2004) argued that:

Blanton and Stapel (2008) followed on from their work to evaluate the Tesser (1988) model. They found that:

Did Blanton and Stapel argue that our responses could be unconscious and spontaneous, rather than deliberate?

Self-regulation refers to:

Wirtz (et al., 2006) developed on the Bauermeister (et al., 2005) study to suggest that those with hypertension have what type of self-regulation?

Bauermeister (et al., 2005) found that participants exposed to 'social exclusion' did what?

Does the Dittmar (et al., 2007) model suggest that materialistic value orientation can give rise to compulsive shopping?

According to the Dittmar, Long and Bond (2007) research, does the ownership and acquisition of materialistic goods help to achieve major life goals?

Ideal self refers to:

Can individuals believe that by acquiring materialistic value for their ideal selves will help them improve their social image? Will it form a strong identity motivation?

Tajfel (1969) and the research into minimal groups looked at what?

Social identity refers to:

Across a series of experiments, Tajfel (1970) found that participants made choices that did or did not show concern about there being a difference between the groups?

An ingroup is:

An outgroup is:

Is the theory by Turner (et al., 1987) more general or specific than the self-categorisation theory?

According to Onorato and Turner (2004), can people switch from personal identities to social identities? For example, a person boarding a train may have an active personal identity. However, if that same train was then boarded by football supporters of a rival team, their social identity may replace their personal one instead.

According to Hinkle and Brown (1990), as well as support from Mummendey, Klink, and Brown (2001) in response to the social identity theory, are ingroup-outgroup attitudes in behaviours that influence comparisons relational?

According to Baumeister (1987), has historical research on self become more recent or has it been around for a lot longer?

According to Gergen (2009) are our selves and identities more social than we might readily acknowledge?

According to Gergen (2009), does our philosophy of self shape the way in which we make sense of the other(s)?

Individualist perspectives refer to:

According to Goffman (1959), the presentation of self in everyday life is:

According to the elaborated social identity model (Drury & Reicher, 1999), can social identities change and become even more radicalised when in group or crowd situations against outgroups?

Membership category devices (MCDs) are:

Interactionally relevant work refers to:

An epistemic identity is:

Adjacency pairs are:

According to Raymond and Heritage (2006), can our talk assert, or otherwise make relevant, our epistemically consequential identities?

According to Foucault (1978, 1985, 1986) suggested in his work, a subject is:

Discursive formations are:

According to Sacks (1992), categories are:

According to Sacks (1992), are formulations of talk relative to our moral implications and our identity?

Are different categories possible for a single person? For example, a female could also be a "mother", "cousin", "niece" or "wife".

According to the consistency rule (Sacks, 1992), if a person is categorised by a certain MCD, then:

When is the consistency rule (Sacks, 1992) violated?

According to category-bound activities (CBAs), are certain activities bound to certain categories? Are these relative to the consistency rule where they can be violated?

According to Foucault (1979, 1985, 1986), do labels of people ascribe certain identities?

According to Foucault (1979, 1985, 1986), do the various selves that we inhabit or occupy vary dependent on sociohistoric contexts?

According to Foucault (1979, 1985, 1986), are we influenced by moral codes (eg, moral codes are the ways in which individuals constitute​ themselves)?