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Frage 1
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Stereotypes are:
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Underlying cognitive structures or schemas that shape our judgments of other people or groups
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Overt cognitive influences or schemas that circulate around society that underestimate the processes of others
Frage 2
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Stereotypes ar judgements that are used to:
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Make quicker decisions
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Make slower, more methodical decisions
Frage 3
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Can stereotypes be used to imply judgement?
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Yes
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No
Frage 4
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Katz and Brady (1933) measured the ethnic stereotypes held by a group of college undergraduates. It was replicated later by other researchers (Gilbert, 1951; Karlins, Coffman & Walters, 1969). What were they called?
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Princeton Trilogy Studies
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Penn State Trilogy Studies
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Connecticut Symposium
Frage 5
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Was the Katz and Brady (1933) longitudinal?
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Yes
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No
Frage 6
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The stereotypes used by the college undergraduates in the Katz and Brady (1933) study were:
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Very, very broad (eg, including themselves in the stereotypes)
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Very, very narrow (eg, African-Americans)
Frage 7
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Madon (et al., 2001) found the stereotypes used in the Katz and Brady (1933) study were:
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Racist
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Outdated
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Impossible to research into
Frage 8
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Discursive research looks at how:
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Our use of language contributes to constructing prejudice
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Our use of cognition contributes to constructing prejudice
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The use of ourselves is contributable to constructing prejudice
Frage 9
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Do the findings from the Karlins, Coffman and Walters (1969), as well as the Madon (et al., 2001) studies show that stereotypes are fluid - that they change over time?
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Yes
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No
Frage 10
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The changes in stereotypes relate to:
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Individual cognitions
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Ancestral stereotypes that are passed down
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Socio-political events (eg, World War II, Vietnam war, Afghan war)
Frage 11
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Changes in stereotypes that are influenced by socio-political events are typically about:
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The majority group (eg, the government being oppressed by its people)
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The minority group (discriminated against for no reason)
Frage 12
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Do stereotypes operate on an individual level?
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Yes, they are individual and independent cognitions
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No, they are linked to socio-political events and circulate around society
Frage 13
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Do we need ideological analysis according to Billig (1985, 2002) to analyse how stereotypes are motivated?
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Yes, because without context there is little to use to find out causality
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No, we don't need it
Frage 14
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There are normative ideas, constructions or content that are widespread in cultures (eg, Muslims in the United States) that are used to promote particular power structures. These are:
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Ideologies
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Constructions
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Representations
Frage 15
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In 1881, the ideology of the Irish people by British was that:
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The Irish are backwards, uncivilised and dangerous who could harm the British empire
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The Irish are eccentric - though still a little backwards - but better than before, and we can reform relations with them again
Frage 16
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In the present, the ideology of the Irish people by the British is that:
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They are backwards, uncivilised and dangerous, and can harm the British empire
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They are eccentric - although still a little backwards - and we can reform relations with them
Frage 17
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Stereotype content research (Karlins, Coffman & Walters, 1969; Madon, et al., 2001) mentions broad features on context. But can stereotypes vary enormously between groups (eg, African Americans and Latin Americans)?
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Yes
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No
Frage 18
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What has more recent stereotype content focused on?
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Racism
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Gender stereotypes
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Genetics
Frage 19
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Can the constructions of prejudice, including context, also vary depending on local interactional content (eg, stereotypes) according to Billig (1985, 2002)?
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Yes
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No
Frage 20
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Would stereotype content between two neighbours talking across a fence be different if one of the neighbour's granddaughters - who is anti-racism - was present?
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Yes
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No
Frage 21
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According to Billig (1985, 2002), does the construction of prejudice differ across the same person depending on the argumentative context of which they find themselves in? For example, talking to someone who shares (eg, a family member) the same views compared to someone who might not (eg, a stranger).
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Yes
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No
Frage 22
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A survey respondent who holds prejudicial constructions:
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May need to defend their views
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May not need to defend their views because it might not be necessary
Frage 23
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Two neighbours may agree with each other, therefore:
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They would have to change their prejudicial constructions
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They would not need to change their prejudicial constructions, because there is no one to challenge them
Frage 24
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Two neighbours may (or may not) need to defend their prejudiced talk if someone (eg, an anti-racist granddaughter).
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May need to because she is anti-racist
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May not need to, because the granddaughter might accept it as well
Frage 25
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According to Billig (2002), is prejudice constructed as an individual cognitve event in the head?
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Yes
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No
Frage 26
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"I'm not anti them at all you know. I, if they're willing to get on and be like us; but they're just going to come here, just to be able to use our social welfares and stuff like that, then why don't they stay at home?" (Potter & Wetherell, 1987). What does this talk use?
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A rationalisation
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An explanation
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A disclaimer
Frage 27
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"I'm not a racist/sexist/homophobe, but" is ...
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A disclaimer
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An extinction
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A rationalisation
Frage 28
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Billig (1985, 2002) has conducted a wealth of research into claims that are treated as obvious and universally acceptable. What are they called?
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Rhetorical commonplaces
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Representational commonplaces
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Indiscriminate commonplaces
Frage 29
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An example of Billig's assertions of universally acceptable claims is politicians that say:
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"National interest"
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"National rhetoric"
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"National divide"
Frage 30
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Billig (1991) noted an article by National Front that said: "Dare we say it - it is they, not we, who are prejudiced?". First, it tries to:
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Defend against accusations of prejudice
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Support accusations of prejudice
Frage 31
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Billig (1991) noted an article by National Front that said: "Dare we say it - it is they, not we, who are prejudiced?". Second, it tries to:
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Accuse themselves of prejudice
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Accuse others of prejudice
Frage 32
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Irish gay rights activist and drag queen Fanti was threatened with legal action in 2014 for calling anti-gay marriage activists "homophobic". What is this?
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An example of prejudiced constructions being defended by accusing others
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An example of prejudiced constructions being supported by accusing oneself
Frage 33
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Has the discursive approach into stereotypes used enough interactional sequential context?
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Yes
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No
Frage 34
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Conversation analysis removes the interactional and sequential context in prejudice research and looks at standalone talk. According to Condor (et al., 2006), do we need sequential context?
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Yes, because we can then avoid making misplaced suppositions about what the prejudiced talk is actually being used to do
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No, because standalone talk is fine enough
Frage 35
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In the Condor (et al., 2006), Mrs. A's right to carry on speaking on the topic is because:
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No one challenges her on her prejudicial talk
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She is still talking, so it's considered rude
Frage 36
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How is the potential competitive or challenging talk from Mr. B welcomed by Mrs. A in the Condor (et al., 2006) study?
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Unwelcoming, a disturbance
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Welcomed, because it offers a debate
Frage 37
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Is it easy or difficult to obtain authentic recorded examples of prejudice conversations in everyday talk?
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Easy, because it's all around us
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Hard, because there are ethical boundaries
Frage 38
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We can only obtain:
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Nuanced and unexpected findings regarding prejudiced talk in interaction from everyday talk
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Research from interviews where everyday talk will have elements of prejudice
Frage 39
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In the Condor (et al., 2006) study, is Cliff - the researcher - still part of the study? Do participants still respond to him and his actions (including silence) in the talk?
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Yes
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No
Frage 40
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Do we need more data of prejudiced talk in everyday interactions?
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Yes, so that participants talk like they would regardless of whether research is involved
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No, because inauthentic research can be just as productive
Frage 41
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From a cognitive social psychology perspective, does discursive research sufficiently articulate the cognitive processes and causes relate to prejudice?
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Yes
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No
Frage 42
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The findings from the discursive approach inform what type of psychology about research into prejudice? For example, how prejudice talk treats itself as a potentially sanctionable activity, how prejudiced talk constructs versions of the denigrated other, and how prejudiced talk is produced collaboratively).
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Cognitive social psychology
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Cognitive behavioural psychology
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Biology
Frage 43
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According to Billig (2002), is the hatred separate from the discourse?
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No, because you need to believe it and to utter sorts of particular things about others
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Yes, because they are separate
Frage 44
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According to Allport (1954), intergroup conflict under the right conditions would:
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Heighten intergroup hostility and lead to more negative intergroup attitudes
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Lessen intergroup hostility and lead to more positive intergroup attitudes
Frage 45
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Pettigrew and Troop (2006) in their meta-analysis found that intergroup contact generally:
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Reduces prejudice
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Heightens prejudice
Frage 46
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Does the contact theory generalise characteristics of one group member to an entire population of the said group?
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Yes
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No
Frage 47
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Can the contact theory be extended broadly (eg, racial groups, ethnic groups)?
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Yes
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No
Frage 48
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Brown and Hewstone (2005) found intergroup contact to be the most successful when:
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Group memberships are explicit and well-known
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Group memberships are salient
Frage 49
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Brown and Hewstone (2005) found that the potential for interpersonal relationships is high when:
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Group membership is salient
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Group membership is overt and well-known
Frage 50
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According to Pettigrew and Troop (2006) can prejudice be reduced through vicarious experiences (eg, through friends and family) and no contact with outgroup members occurs?
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Yes
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No
Frage 51
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Crisp and Turner (2009) found that "positively toned imagined contact"
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Deteriorated outgroup attitudes, increased stereotyping, intergroup anxiety, and was far too complex
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Improved outgroup attitudes, reduced stereotyping, as well as intergroup anxiety by being simple and effective
Frage 52
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Are there demand characteristics in the Crisp and Turner (2009) research?
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Yes
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No, because it reduces implicit attitudes as well
Frage 53
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Is there stereotype priming in the Crisp and Turner (2009) research?
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No
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Yes, but a control group were primed did not show similar effects
Frage 54
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Can Fanti the gay rights activist live with Mary in Wicklow?
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Yes
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No
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