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COG PSYCH EXAM 1

Beschreibung

Psychology Quiz am COG PSYCH EXAM 1, erstellt von Sara Stamey am 19/10/2016.
Sara Stamey
Quiz von Sara Stamey, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
Sara Stamey
Erstellt von Sara Stamey vor etwa 8 Jahre
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Zusammenfassung der Ressource

Frage 1

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Colin Cherry’s experiment in which participants listened to two messages simultaneously, one in each ear, found that
Antworten
  • people take in very little information about the ignored message.
  • memory of the messages is due to the functions of the hippocampus
  • memory of the messages are determined based on logic
  • people cannot focus on one message and ignore the other one.

Frage 2

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A mental conception of the layout of a physical space is known as a(n)
Antworten
  • artificial intelligence.
  • memory consolidation.
  • cognitive map
  • mental model.

Frage 3

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After seeing several commercials where celebrities are wearing “Boom” shoes, Steve really wants a pair. Steve’s desire to have a pair of the shoes could best be explained by
Antworten
  • clever marketing
  • classical conditioning
  • choice
  • higher order cognition

Frage 4

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The first experiments in cognitive psychology were based on the idea that mental responses can be
Antworten
  • measured by comparing responses among different participants.
  • inferred from the participant’s behavior.
  • measured directly.
  • measured by comparing the presentation of the stimulus and the participant’s response.

Frage 5

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All of the following are part of B.F. Skinner’s three term contingency except
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  • the reinforcement
  • the perception
  • the response
  • the environment

Frage 6

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The cognitive revolution resulted in dramatic changes in the way psychology was studied and understood. This so-called "revolution" occurred parallel to (and, in part, because of) the introduction of
Antworten
  • Donder's work on choice
  • Skinner boxes
  • computers
  • analytic introspection

Frage 7

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Suyen is arguing that humans have a unique capacity for language because of neurological changes that resulted from evolution. From this, Suyen is arguing for
Antworten
  • learning
  • contrapreparedness
  • preparedness
  • intelligence

Frage 8

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Newell and Simon were among the first to use computers in cognitive psychology. Their computer program
Antworten
  • controlled presentation of visual stimuli during cognitive psychology experiments.
  • solved logic problems.
  • simulated human attention.
  • introduced the first flow diagram.

Frage 9

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Given that populations grow exponentially and there are limited resources, Darwin inferred that
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  • There is no God
  • populations stabilize
  • there would be competition for limited resources
  • there would be some traits that would be passed onto future generations

Frage 10

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The procedure in which trained participants describe their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli presented under controlled conditions is known as
Antworten
  • functional analysis.
  • behavioral analysis.
  • analytic introspection.
  • information processing

Frage 11

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The "Little Albert" experiment involving the rat and the loud noise is an example of which of the following types of experiments?
Antworten
  • Reaction time
  • Unconscious inference
  • Classical conditioning
  • Operant conditioning

Frage 12

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The field that studies how to make machines behave in ways that are intelligent if a human were so behaving is known as
Antworten
  • artificial intelligence.
  • flow diagramming.
  • cognitive psychology.
  • behaviorism.

Frage 13

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The result of natural selection over many generations is
Antworten
  • cognition.
  • evolution.
  • reproductive fitness.
  • differential survival rates.

Frage 14

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Ebbinghaus' "memory" experiments were important because they
Antworten
  • plotted functions that described the operation of the mind.
  • described complex decision-making.
  • were the first to combine basic elements of experience called sensations.
  • showed how positive reinforcers strengthen behavior.

Frage 15

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In order to conduct research in psychology, which of the following was considered necessary by the behaviorists?
Antworten
  • Consciousness
  • Introspection
  • The mind
  • Observable behavior

Frage 16

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All of the following are mental abilities or processes involved in cognition except
Antworten
  • language
  • perception
  • development
  • problem solving

Frage 17

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By comparing reaction times across different tasks, Donders was able to conclude how long the mind needs to perform a certain cognitive task. Donders interpreted the difference in reaction time between the simple and choice conditions of his experiment as indicating how long it took to
Antworten
  • process the stimulus.
  • perceive the stimulus.
  • make a decision about the stimulus.
  • attend to the stimulus.

Frage 18

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Angelina has received six stickers for cleaning her room this week. If she recieves one more, she’ll get to have a special dessert of her choosing after supper. Angelina’s behavior can be best explained by
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  • classically conditioned associations
  • a token economy
  • the unattended speech effect
  • short-term memory

Frage 19

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One’s psychology can be viewed as a continuum from________to________to________.
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  • reflex, learning, cognition
  • experience, memory, emotion
  • neuron, circuit, cortex
  • hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

Frage 20

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All of the following are reasons to use models to understand cognition except
Antworten
  • they are simplistic
  • they provide an accurate description of cognition
  • they provide representations of abstract concepts
  • they generate good research questions

Frage 21

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The fusiform face area (FFA) in the brain is often damaged in patients with
Antworten
  • prosopagnosia
  • Broca's aphasia.
  • Wernicke's aphasia.
  • Alzheimer's disease

Frage 22

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Shinkareva et al. (2008) conducted research mind reading that revealed
Antworten
  • the distinction between form and meaning in language.
  • strong support for specificity coding within the fusiform face area.
  • a computer could fairly accurately predict what category of object a participant was viewing.
  • the existence of feature detectors that respond to whole objects.

Frage 23

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The way patterns of neural firing represent a specific stimulus or experience is known as
Antworten
  • convergence
  • the neural code.
  • a propagated signal.
  • the action potential.

Frage 24

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Sarah has experienced brain damage making it difficult for her to understand spatial layout. Which area of her brain has most likely sustained damage?
Antworten
  • Functional magnetic area (FMA)
  • Extrastriate body area (EBA)
  • Fusiform face area (FFA)
  • Parahippocampal place area (PPA)

Frage 25

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The idea of a grandmother cell is consistent with
Antworten
  • subtraction techniques.
  • specificity coding.
  • distributed coding.
  • primary receiving areas.

Frage 26

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You are walking down the street and see a really nice car drive by. You notice many features of it: its color, movement, shape, location, and so forth. All of these features are first processed
Antworten
  • through fMRI potentials.
  • in one localized associative area of the cortex.
  • in different primary areas of the cortex.
  • by the grandmother cells in the brain.

Frage 27

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The study of the physiological basis of cognition is known as
Antworten
  • neuroscience.
  • cognitive psychology.
  • neuropsychology.
  • cognitive neuroscience.

Frage 28

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Which of the following is not consistent with the idea of localization of function?
Antworten
  • Stimuli are processed throughout various primary and associative areas of the brain.
  • Specific areas of the brain serve different functions.
  • Neurons in different areas of the brain respond best to different stimuli.
  • Brain areas are specialized for specific functions.

Frage 29

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Which of the following statements best describes how neurons communicate with one another?
Antworten
  • Action potentials travel across the synapse and send high or low intensity signals.
  • The end of one neuron makes direct contact with the receiving end of another neuron.
  • A chemical process takes place at the synapse that has resulted from a chemical-electrical change within the neuron.
  • A process takes place in the receptors whereby receptors send chemical information to other neurons via neurotransmitters.

Frage 30

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The occipital lobe is
Antworten
  • where signals are received from the sensory system for touch.
  • important for higher functions such as language, thought, and memory, as well as motor functioning.
  • important for language, memory, hearing, and vision.
  • the first place in the cerebral cortex where visual information is received.

Frage 31

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The _____ lobe of the cortex serves higher cognitive functions such as problem solving, decision making, attention, and information processing.
Antworten
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • occipital
  • subcortical

Frage 32

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A 10-month-old baby is interested in discovering different textures, comparing the touch sensations between a soft blanket and a hard wooden block. Tactile signals such as these are received by the _____ lobe.
Antworten
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • occipital
  • temporal

Frage 33

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Which of the following do PET and fMRI have in common?
Antworten
  • The use of radioactive tracers
  • The measurement of magnetic fields
  • The use of the subtraction technique
  • All of the above are characteristics of both PET and fMRI

Frage 34

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Damage to Wernicke's area is in which lobe of the brain?
Antworten
  • Frontal
  • Occipital
  • Parietal
  • Temporal

Frage 35

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Neurons that respond to specific details or parts that make up objects are called
Antworten
  • receptors
  • feature detectors.
  • retinal cells.
  • dendrites

Frage 36

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When recording from a single neuron, stimulus intensity is represented in a single neuron by the
Antworten
  • amount of the neurotransmitters.
  • firing rate of the action potentials.
  • size of the synapse
  • intensity of the action potentials

Frage 37

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When conducting an experiment on how stimuli are represented by the firing of neurons, you notice that neurons respond differently to different faces. For example, Arthur's face causes three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the most and neuron 3 responding the least. Roger's face causes the same three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the least and neuron 3 responding the most. Your results support ____ coding.
Antworten
  • distributed
  • specificity
  • convergence
  • divergence

Frage 38

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A synapse is
Antworten
  • the structure that contains mechanisms to keep a neuron alive.
  • the structure that receives electrical signals from other neurons.
  • the space between neurons.
  • a tube filled with fluid that conducts electrical signals.

Frage 39

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If kittens are raised in an environment that contains only verticals, you would predict that most of the neurons in their visual cortex would respond best to the visual presentation of a
Antworten
  • chain link fence.
  • picket fence.
  • brick wall.
  • solid wall.

Frage 40

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Josiah is trying to speak to his wife, but his speech is very slow and labored, often with jumbled sentence structure. Josiah may have damage to his
Antworten
  • Broca's area.
  • Wernicke's area.
  • Extrastriate body area (EBA)
  • Parahippocampal place area (PPA)

Frage 41

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Speech segmentation is defined as
Antworten
  • recognizing a few words out of many when hearing a largely unfamiliar language.
  • organizing the sounds of speech into individual words.
  • creating a sentence from a series of spoken words.
  • ignoring the spaces between the spoken words of a sentence.

Frage 42

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Hollingsworth’s studies of blobs indicate that we perceive information based on
Antworten
  • observations of a demonstrator
  • the culmination or association between parts of a stimulus
  • the situation or context
  • the properties of a stimulus

Frage 43

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Selfridge’s Pandemonium Model describes processing at several levels or demons. The processing of vertical lines, horizontal lines, angles, or curves, for example, would occur at the level of the ______ demon.
Antworten
  • cognitive
  • feature
  • decision
  • image

Frage 44

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In which neurological disorder might mirror neurons be most likely to be implicated as a potential cause of the disorder?
Antworten
  • Autism
  • Parkinson's
  • Anorexia
  • Alzheimer's

Frage 45

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The neurons that respond while watching a demonstrator perform a task are called
Antworten
  • receptors
  • afferent neurons.
  • feature detectors
  • mirror neurons.

Frage 46

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People perceive vertical and horizontal orientations more easily than other orientations according to the
Antworten
  • law of pragnanz.
  • principle of size constancy.
  • oblique effect.
  • law of good continuation.

Frage 47

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The pathway leading from the striate cortex in the occipital lobe to the temporal lobe is known as the
Antworten
  • primary cortex.
  • associative cortex.
  • what pathway.
  • where pathway.

Frage 48

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One problem with Selfrige’s Pandamonium Model is that it
Antworten
  • lacks a description of how we decide which stimulus is most likely
  • there is not a biological paralell for the model
  • can’t account for how we can process information both globally and locally
  • doesn’t have sufficient evidence to support it

Frage 49

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Damage to the temporal lobe makes the _____ more difficult.
Antworten
  • double dissociation problem
  • single dissociation problem
  • object discrimination or recognition problem
  • landmark discrimination problem

Frage 50

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The likelihood principle states that
Antworten
  • it is easier to perceive vertical and horizontal orientations.
  • feature detectors are likely to create a clear perception of an object.
  • we perceive size to remain the same size even when objects move to different distances
  • we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received.

Frage 51

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Jane is four, and when playing in the park recently, she saw a dog that she’d never seen before. Even though she had never seen the dog, she was able to label the dog as being a dog. This scenario causes problems for which explanation of perception?
Antworten
  • Bottom-up Processing
  • Feature Theory
  • Template Matching Theory
  • Recognition-by-components

Frage 52

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The results of Gauthier’s "Greeble" experiment illustrate
Antworten
  • that neurons specialized to respond to vertical and horizontal lines are present in our brains when we are born.
  • that our perceptions remain fairly stable in different environments.
  • an effect of experience-dependent plasticity.
  • that training a monkey to recognize the difference between common objects can influence how the monkey’s neurons fire to these objects.

Frage 53

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Patients with associative visual agnosia might be able to correctly draw or copy an image but not recognize what it is. This is an example of a
Antworten
  • double dissociation
  • failure in top-down processing
  • failure in bottom-up processing
  • dissociation

Frage 54

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"Perceiving machines" are used by the U.S. Postal service to "read" the addresses on letters and sort them quickly to their correct destinations. Sometimes, these machines cannot read an address, because the writing on the envelope is not sufficiently clear for the machine to match the writing to an example it has stored in memory. Human postal workers are much more successful at reading unclear addresses, most likely because of
Antworten
  • repeated practice at the task.
  • their in-depth understanding of principles of perception.
  • top-down processing.
  • bottom-up processing.

Frage 55

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Generally, if we can see an object's geons, we are able to identify the object. This is known as the
Antworten
  • principle of size constancy.
  • principles of componential recovery.
  • top-down processing
  • perceptual organization.

Frage 56

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The landmark or spacial discrimination problems are more difficult to do if you have damage to your _____lobe.
Antworten
  • occipital
  • temporal
  • frontal
  • parietal

Frage 57

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In Selfrige’s Pandamonium Model, features of a stimulus are detected at the level of the _______ demon.
Antworten
  • Image
  • Decision
  • Cognitive
  • Feature

Frage 58

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One problem with the Template Matching Theory of perception is that
Antworten
  • there are not enough neurons to create new templates
  • experience changes or modifies existing templates
  • new experiences are limited and dont’ represent the vast number of templates we possess
  • we don’t have templates for every possible experience

Frage 59

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You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands. You perceive the bands that are all in the same uniforms as being grouped together. The red uniforms are one band, the green uniforms another, and so forth. You have this perceptual experience because of the law of
Antworten
  • simplicity
  • familiarity
  • pragnanz
  • similarity

Frage 60

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When a double dissociation occurs, this indicates that two functions
Antworten
  • are present.
  • involve different mechanisms.
  • are controlled by a single brain area.
  • involve the same mechanism.

Frage 61

Frage
Dichotic listening occurs when
Antworten
  • a message is presented to one ear, and a masking noise is presented to the other ear.
  • participants are asked to listen to a message and look at a visual stimulus, both at the same time.
  • the same message is presented to the left and right ears.
  • different messages are presented to the left and right ears.

Frage 62

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Broadbent’s "filter model" proposes that the filter identifies the attended message based on the
Antworten
  • physical characteristics of the message.
  • higher order characteristics of the message.
  • physical characteristics and meaning of the message.
  • modality and structure of the message.

Frage 63

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Suppose two teenagers are vying for their mother’s attention. The mother is trying to pay attention to one of her daughters, though both girls are talking (one about her boyfriend, one about a school project). According to the operating characteristics of Treisman’s attenuator, it is most likely the attenuator is analyzing the incoming messages in terms of the
Antworten
  • physical characteristics of the message.
  • higher order characteristics of the message.
  • physical characteristics and meaning of the message.
  • modality and structure of the message.

Frage 64

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In Schneider and Shiffrin’s experiment, in which participants were asked to indicate whether a target stimulus was present in a series of rapidly presented "frames," divided attention was easier
Antworten
  • in the consistent-mapping condition.
  • in the high-load condition.
  • for the location-based task.
  • in the variable-mapping condition.

Frage 65

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The Stroop effect demonstrates
Antworten
  • a failure of divided attention.
  • support for object-based attention where a low-load task was being used.
  • the ease of performing a low-load task.
  • how automatic processing can interfere with controlled processing.

Frage 66

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Strayer and Johnston’s (2001) experiment involving simulated driving and the use of "hands-free" vs. "handheld" cell phones found that
Antworten
  • driving performance was impaired less with the hands-free phones than with the handheld phones.
  • driving performance was impaired only with the handheld cell phones.
  • talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent.
  • divided attention (driving and talking on the phone) did not affect performance.

Frage 67

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The use of an eye tracker can help reveal the shifting of one's _____ attention.
Antworten
  • dichotic
  • covert
  • divided
  • overt

Frage 68

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Automatic processing occurs when
Antworten
  • tasks are well-practiced.
  • response times are long.
  • attention is focused.
  • cognitive resources are high.

Frage 69

Frage
When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of ____ attention.
Antworten
  • cocktail party
  • divided
  • low load
  • selective

Frage 70

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When a person is shadowing a message, he or she is
Antworten
  • silently following it mentally.
  • saying the message out loud.
  • ignoring it while paying attention to another message.
  • thinking about something closely related to the message.

Frage 71

Frage
The cocktail party effect is
Antworten
  • the ability to pay attention to one message and ignore others, yet hear distinctive features of the unattended messages.
  • the inability to pay attention to one message in the presence of competing messages.
  • the equal division of attention between competing messages.
  • the diminished awareness of information in a crowd.

Frage 72

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The main difference between early and late selection models of attention is that in late selection models, selection of stimuli for final processing doesn’t occur until the information is analyzed for
Antworten
  • location
  • modality
  • meaning
  • physical characteristics.

Frage 73

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A high threshold in Treisman’s model of attention implies that
Antworten
  • it takes a strong signal to cause activation.
  • no signals cause activation.
  • all signals cause activation.
  • weak signals can cause activation.

Frage 74

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Flanker compatibility experiments have been conducted using a variety of stimulus conditions. By definition, this procedure must include at least one target and one distractor. In any condition where we find that a distractor influenced reaction time, we can conclude that the distractor
Antworten
  • was processed
  • was ignored
  • was overtly responded to by the participant
  • increased the cognitive load of the task

Frage 75

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The ability to pay attention to, or carry out, two or more different tasks simultaneously is known as
Antworten
  • selective attention.
  • divergent tasking.
  • dual attention.
  • divided attention.

Frage 76

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Controlled processing involves
Antworten
  • ease in performing parallel tasks.
  • overlearning of tasks.
  • few cognitive resources.
  • close attention.

Frage 77

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In Simons and Chabris's "inattentional blindness" experiment, participants watch a film of people playing basketball. Many participants failed to report that that a gorilla walked through because the
Antworten
  • participants were counting the number of ball passes.
  • the gorilla was the same color as the floor.
  • participants were not asked if they saw anything unusual.
  • gorilla was in motion, just like the players.

Frage 78

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According to Treisman’s feature integration theory, the first stage of perception is called the _____ stage.
Antworten
  • letter analysis
  • feature analysis
  • preattentive
  • focused attention

Frage 79

Frage
Illusory conjunctions are
Antworten
  • combinations of features from the masking field and the stimuli.
  • features that are consistent across different stimuli.
  • combinations of features from different stimuli.
  • misidentified objects using the context of the scene.

Frage 80

Frage
Research on the use of cell phones while driving indicates that
Antworten
  • both driving and talking on the phone are low-load cognitive tasks.
  • the main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone.
  • the negative effect can be decreased by using "hands-free" units.
  • the problem with cell phones is that attention is distracted from the task of driving by the need to hold the phone and drive with one hand.
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