Ecology

Four results of genetic drift in a small poopulation:

Prairie chickens showed what results of genetic drift:

Gene flow can result in:

Mosquitoes in africa were an example of gene flow

[blank_start]Adaptations[blank_end] are features of organisms that improve their ability to survive and reproduce.

Soapberry bugs and the goldenrain vine were an example of [blank_start]adaptive evolution[blank_end].

[blank_start]Clines[blank_end] are patterns of change in a characteristic pattern over a geographic region.

In drosophila, the AdHs gene is less functional in cold, so the frequency increases with latitude

Bentgrass at mine sites was an example of [blank_start]natural selection[blank_end] overcoming gene flow

Constraints on natural selection:

[blank_start]Genetic drift[blank_end] can result in reproductive barriers, but [blank_start]gene flow[blank_end] can prevent this from happening.

One introduced species started a cascade of speciation in which example:

Examples of life history characteristics are

Clown fish have a size hierarchy to reduce conflict

Phenotypic plasticity was occurring in these species:

Phenotypic plasticity may be a [blank_start]continuous[blank_end] range of sizes, or may have discrete intervals, called [blank_start]morphs[blank_end].

C. elegans was used as an example of:

[blank_start]Semelparous[blank_end] species reproduce once in a lifetime, [blank_start]iteroparous[blank_end] species reproduce many times in a lifetime.

[blank_start]r- slection[blank_end] is the growth strategy that is rapid and advantageous in new environments. [blank_start]K-selection[blank_end] is the growth strategy that is slower and is valuable in high-density environments.

Low stress, low disturbance is best for [blank_start]competitive plants[blank_end]. High stress, low-disturbance is best for [blank_start]stress-tolerant plants[blank_end] with [blank_start]slow rates of water and nutrient use[blank_end]. Low stress, high disturbance is best for [blank_start]ruderal plants[blank_end], with [blank_start]heavy investment in seed production[blank_end].

Lesser black-beaked gulls were an example of a tradeoff between clutch size and survival rate of offspring.

High adult survival rates would favour allocating energy to [blank_start]growth[blank_end].

The Nassau grouper's change from being small and living in algae clumps to being larger and living in rocky areas is an example of a morph.

An adult mole salamander living in aquatic environments is an example of [blank_start]paedomorphism[blank_end].

A [blank_start]proximate[blank_end] cause is how the behaviour occurs, an [blank_start]ultimate[blank_end] cause is the evolutionary reason behind the behaviour. The [blank_start]latter[blank_end] is more interesting to biologists.

Cockroaches gaining an aversion to glucose after generations of exposure to an insecticide trap containing glucose is an example of:

Old field mouse and deer mouse case study found that tunnel length is controlled by [blank_start]one loci[blank_end].

P= E/t is an equation relevant to:

Handling time refers to how long it takes a parent to bring offspring to maturity.

Marginal value theorem states that an animal should stay in a patch until energy gain [blank_start]declines[blank_end] to average energy gain for the habitat.

Individuals from a single fertilization are a

[blank_start]Regular[blank_end] dispersion can be the result of competition. Co-operative breeding can occur in [blank_start]high value[blank_end] habitats, when [blank_start]high quality[blank_end] habitat is rare.

N= (M*C)/R is the equation for line transect abundance

Relative population size compares number of sightings in an area to effort or another area. Considered to model actual population

lambda= Nt+1/Nt is the equation for growth rate

[blank_start]Geometric[blank_end] growth has a constant growth rate at [blank_start]discrete[blank_end] periods, Nt+1= lambda(Nt). [blank_start]Exponential[blank_end] growth has [blank_start]constant[blank_end] reproduction dN/dt= rN.

Density independent factors regulate population size.

The logistic equation is

Demographic stochasticity

[blank_start]Demographic stochasticity[blank_end]- when chance event move the individual away from the norm while birth and death rates remain constant. [blank_start]Environmental stochasticity[blank_end]-changes in environment cause change in birth and death rates. [blank_start]Allee effect[blank_end]- small populations have decreased growth as it becomes harder to find a mate.

Metapopulation is an analysis of all populations in an environment

Amensalism is where one species is harmed and the other is [blank_start]unaffected[blank_end].

This is the equation for the

This is the range where species can co-exist

Character displacement is where