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A [blank_start]rock[blank_end] is a naturally occurring [blank_start]solid[blank_end] mixture of 1 or more [blank_start]minerals[blank_end] or [blank_start]organic[blank_end] matter
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rock
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solid
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minerals
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organic
Frage 2
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All rocks are classified based on their:
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Composition
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mafic/felsic
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texture
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origin
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Grain size
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Composition: The [blank_start]chemical makeup[blank_end] of a rock; describes either the [blank_start]minerals[blank_end] or other materials in the rock.
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chemical makeup
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minerals
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Texture: Based on the [blank_start]sizes[blank_end], [blank_start]shapes[blank_end], and [blank_start]positions[blank_end] of the rock's [blank_start]grains[blank_end].
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sizes
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shapes
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positions
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grains
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The texture of a rock can give clues to the rock's __________.
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acidity
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origin
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color
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crystal sizes
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Intrusive rocks were formed in [blank_start]magma[blank_end]
Extrusive rocks were formed in [blank_start]lava[blank_end]
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lava
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magma
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lava
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magma
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Mafic: [blank_start]High[blank_end] density, [blank_start]dark[blank_end] color, [blank_start]high[blank_end] temp
Felsic: [blank_start]Low[blank_end] density, [blank_start]light[blank_end] color, [blank_start]low[blank_end] temp
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High
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dark
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high
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Low
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light
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low
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Phaneritic: [blank_start]intrusive[blank_end] rock, crystals are [blank_start]easily[blank_end] visible w/ naked eye, cooled [blank_start]slow[blank_end] [blank_start]in[blank_end] the earth
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intrusive
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easily
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slow
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inside
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Aphanitic: [blank_start]Extrusive[blank_end] rock, crystals are [blank_start]not[blank_end] easily visible w/ naked eye, cool [blank_start]fast[blank_end] on the [blank_start]surface[blank_end] of the earth
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Extrusive
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not
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fast
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surface
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Porphyritic: [blank_start]Intrusive-extrusive[blank_end] rock, [blank_start]mix[blank_end] of [blank_start]larger[blank_end] crystals and very [blank_start]small[blank_end] crystals, cool [blank_start]slow underground[blank_end], then pushed
up to the [blank_start]surface[blank_end] to finish cooling [blank_start]fast[blank_end]
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Intrusive-extrusive
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mix
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large
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small
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slow underground
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fast
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surface
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Vesicular: [blank_start]Extrusive[blank_end] rock, [blank_start]no[blank_end] crystals, [blank_start]instead[blank_end] there are [blank_start]holes[blank_end], cool [blank_start]extremely fast[blank_end] on the [blank_start]surface[blank_end] of the earth, come out of [blank_start]volcano[blank_end] [blank_start]solid[blank_end]
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Extrusive
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no
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holes
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instead
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extremely fast
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surface
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volcano
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solid
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Glassy: [blank_start]Extrusive[blank_end] rock, [blank_start]no[blank_end] crystals, cool [blank_start]extremely fast[blank_end] on the [blank_start]surface[blank_end] of the earth, come out of [blank_start]volcano[blank_end] [blank_start]solid[blank_end]
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Extrusive
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no
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extremely fast
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surface
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volcano
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solid
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Define Pyroclastics
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no crystals visible
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cool extremely fast
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has holes
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volcanic origin
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Come out of a volcano solid
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The 5 criteria of Minerals
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organic
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1 element
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solid
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inorganic
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lab made
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naturally occurring
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definite chemical composition
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Crystalline composition
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crystalline structure
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[blank_start]Atoms[blank_end]: Part of an element that contains its properties
[blank_start]Element[blank_end]: Pure substance that cannot be broken down anymore
[blank_start]Compounds[blank_end]: Two or more different elements bonded together
[blank_start]Crystal[blank_end]: a solid whose atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite pattern
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Atoms
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Element
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Compounds
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Crystal
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All minerals are made of [blank_start]atoms[blank_end], [blank_start]elements[blank_end], [blank_start]compounds[blank_end], and [blank_start]crystals[blank_end]
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atoms
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elements
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compounds
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crystals
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4 most common rock forming minerals:
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Halite
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Calcite
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Sulfur
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Mica
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Quartz
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Pyrite
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Feldspar
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Gypsum
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Groups minerals can be broken into based on composition: [blank_start]silicate[blank_end] & [blank_start]non-silicate[blank_end]
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silicate
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non-silicate
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Silicate: They [blank_start]do[blank_end] contain [blank_start]silicon[blank_end] & [blank_start]oxygen[blank_end]
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do
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silicon
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oxygen
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Non-silicate: They [blank_start]don't[blank_end] contain [blank_start]silicon[blank_end] & [blank_start]oxygen[blank_end]
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don't
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silicon
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oxygen
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3 main groups of non-silicates:
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Carbonates
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Carbonites
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Feldspar
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Oxygen & Silicon
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Oxides
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Native Elements
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Natural Elements
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Carbonates: Contain [blank_start]carbon[blank_end] & [blank_start]oxygen[blank_end] bonded together ([blank_start]CO3[blank_end])
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carbon
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oxygen
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CO3
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Silicates must have oxygen and silicon bonded together
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- True
- False
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Non-silicates can still be non-silicates even if they have unbonded oxygen and silicon
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- True
- False
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Oxides: Contain [blank_start]metal[blank_end] & [blank_start]oxygen[blank_end] bonded together
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metal
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oxygen
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Native elements: Contain [blank_start]1[blank_end] element(s)
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1
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Visual properties: [blank_start]color[blank_end], [blank_start]luster[blank_end]
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color
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luster
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Testable properties: [blank_start]streak[blank_end], [blank_start]cleavage[blank_end]
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streak
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cleavage
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How a mineral breaks: [blank_start]fracture[blank_end], [blank_start]cleavage[blank_end]
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fracture
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cleavage
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Most common breakage: [blank_start]Cleavage[blank_end]
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Cleavage
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Fracture
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Least reliable property: [blank_start]color[blank_end]
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color
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Luster: How mineral [blank_start]reflects[blank_end] light
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reflects
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Streak: [blank_start]color[blank_end] of [blank_start]powder[blank_end]ed mineral
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color
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powder
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Hardness: Measure of a mineral’s ability to [blank_start]resist[blank_end] scratching
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resist
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Which one measures hardness
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Bowen's
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Moh's
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Leuenhoek
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Dalton's
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Moh's scale goes up to [blank_start]10[blank_end]
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10
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Fracture: mineral breaks along [blank_start]curved or irregular[blank_end] surfaces
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curved or irregular
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Cleavage: Mineral breaks along [blank_start]flat[blank_end] surfaces
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flat
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Calcite: [blank_start]Reacts w/ acid[blank_end]
Hematite: [blank_start]Red-Brown Streak[blank_end]
Halite: [blank_start]Tastes like salt[blank_end]
Magnetite: [blank_start]Magnetic[blank_end]
Pyrite: [blank_start]Fool's Gold[blank_end]
Sulfur: [blank_start]Smells like rotten eggs[blank_end]
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Reacts w/ acid
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Red-Brown Streak
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Tastes like salt
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Magnetic
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Fool's Gold
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Smells like rotten eggs
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[blank_start]Weathering[blank_end]: Break down
[blank_start]Erosion[blank_end]: Break down & move
[blank_start]Deposition[blank_end]: Deposit
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Weathering
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Erosion
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Deposition
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Weathering
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Erosion
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Deposition
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Weathering
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Erosion
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Deposition
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Types of weathering: [blank_start]Mechanical[blank_end] & [blank_start]Chemical[blank_end]
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Mechanical
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Chemical
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Mechanical Weathering: Rocks are broken down by [blank_start]physical[blank_end] means into [blank_start]smaller[blank_end] pieces
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physical
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smaller
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Chemical Weathering: Rocks are broken down by [blank_start]chemical[blank_end] means thus [blank_start]altering[blank_end] the mineral
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chemical
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altering
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Clastic rocks: [blank_start]Mechanical[blank_end] Weathering
Non-Clastic rocks: [blank_start]Chemical[blank_end] Weathering
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Mechanical
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Chemical
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Clastic rocks are mainly made of [blank_start]quartz[blank_end]
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quartz
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Sedimentary Structures:
[blank_start]Ripple Marks[blank_end] - Shows water currents
[blank_start]Mud Cracks[blank_end] - Shows climatic conditions
[blank_start]Lamination[blank_end] - Record current flow/wind deposits (like [blank_start]sand dunes[blank_end])
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Ripple Marks
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Mud Cracks
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Lamination
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sand dunes
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Sedimentary rocks [blank_start]preserve[blank_end] fossils
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preserve
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All metamorphic rocks have a(n) [blank_start]adult rock[blank_end], the rock which was altered to form the new metamorphic rock.
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adult rock
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[blank_start]Index Minerals[blank_end] within the rock indicate the temperature and pressures the rock formed in.
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Index Minerals
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[blank_start]Metamorphic Grade[blank_end]: the temperatures and pressures the rocks form. As temperature and pressure increase, the grade [blank_start]increases[blank_end]
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Metamorphic Grade
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increases
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[blank_start]Contact[blank_end]: Occurs when rocks come in contact with magma and are “baked” from the intense heat. Usually made of [blank_start]1[blank_end] mineral.
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Contact
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1
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[blank_start]Regional[blank_end]: Occurs with an increase in temperatures and pressures with depth. Usually associated with [blank_start]subduction[blank_end] zones.
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Regional
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subduction
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Foliated: Minerals are [blank_start]aligned[blank_end], [blank_start]regional[blank_end]
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aligned
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regional
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Non-foliated: Minerals are [blank_start]not aligned[blank_end], [blank_start]contact[blank_end]
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not aligned
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contact
Frage 55
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cooling
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Weathering/erosion
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Compacting/cemeting
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Heat/pressure
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melting
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