7119106
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Quiz von Jack Fawsitt, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
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Erstellt von Jack Fawsitt
vor etwa 8 Jahre
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Frage 1
Frage
Motion of condylar joint and example
Antworten
-
uniaxial and femorotibial joint
-
uniaxial and elbow joint
-
biaxial and elbow joint
-
multiaxial and shoulder/hip joint
-
multiaxial and stifle joint
Frage 2
Antworten
-
1. compact bone 2. periosteum 3. fibrous layer 4. synovial membrane 5. articular cartilage 6. meniscus 7. joint cavity
-
1. compact bone 2. periosteum 3. meniscus 4. synovial membrane 5. articular cartilage 6. fibrous layer 7. joint cavity
-
1. compact bone 2. periosteum 3. fibrous layer 4. joint cavity 5. articular cartilage 6. meniscus 7. Synovial membrane
-
1. compact bone 2. periosteum 3. fibrous layer 4. synovial membrane 5. meniscus 6. articular cartilage 7. joint cavity
-
1. compact bone 2. periosteum 3. fibrous layer 4. plasma membrane 5. articular cartilage 6. meniscus 7. joint cavity
Frage 3
Frage
The mature neutrophil in mammalian blood smear can be distinguished from other cells by the presence of at least one very distinctive feature unique to this cell type. Which one of the following features best fits that description?
Antworten
-
Its relatively small cell size
-
The presence of most lobulated nucleus
-
The presence of granules in its cytoplasm.
-
The absence of granules in its cytoplasm.
-
The eccentric location of the nucleus within the cell.
Frage 4
Frage
The mature erythrocyte in a mammalian blood smear can be easily distinguished from all other cells by the presence of one of the most distinctive features unique to this cell type. Which one of the following features best fits this description?
Antworten
-
The absence of a nucleus.
-
The presence of a lobulated nucleus
-
Basophilic staining
-
The presence of granules.
-
By very small numbers of this cell type in the blood smear
Frage 5
Frage
Which one of the following five histological features best characterizes the loose connective tissue?
Antworten
-
Lack of much ground substance
-
Abundance of collagen fibres
-
Abundance of ground substance
-
Abundance of elastic fibres
-
Abundance of reticular fibres
Frage 6
Frage
Which one of the following five features best characterizes the stratified squamous epithelium?
Antworten
-
Cells in all layers are squamous in shape and size.
-
Only cells in deeper layers are squamous in shape and size.
-
Cells in basal layers are cuboidal.
-
Only cells in superficial layers are squamous in shape and size.
-
Cells in basal layers are columnar.
Frage 7
Frage
Some animals in a herd of cattle may suffer from myophosphorylase deficiency. Which of the following five laboratory tests would best confirm your diagnosis?
Antworten
-
histochemical test myophosphorylase activity
-
Haematoxylin & Eosin stain
-
Electron microscopic analysis
-
in situ hybridisation for myophosphorylase enzyme
-
immunohistochemical test for myophosphorylase protein
Frage 8
Frage
Which of the following correctly explains the mechanism by which a change in intracellular calcium concentration enables muscle contraction in skeletal muscle?
Antworten
-
Calcium enters the fibre via T tubules and binds to troponin C
-
Calcium released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum induces a conformational change in the tropomyosin-troponin complex
-
Calcium activates the ATPase enzyme on the myosin head
-
Calcium is taken up into the sarcoplasmic reticulum by an ATPase pump and then binds to the ryanodine receptor which activates actin
-
Cell membrane depolarisation activates a sodium –calcium exchanger which induces the power stroke by enhancing metabolism of ADP
Frage 9
Frage
Which of the following is a correct definition of a motor unit?
Antworten
-
A motor neurone and the muscle fibres it innervates
-
All muscle fibres of the same fibre type
-
Muscle fibres within a single fascicle
-
A sarcomere
-
A single muscle fibre
Frage 10
Frage
Which of the following statements below concerning these two muscles is correct, assuming they are both of equal volume ?
Antworten
-
Muscle A contracts at a slower rate than muscle B
-
Muscle B can generate a higher amount of force than muscle A.
-
Muscle A can generate a higher amount of force than muscle B.
-
Muscles such as A tend to be associated with long elastic energy storing tendons
-
Muscle B is more powerful than muscle A
Frage 11
Frage
Complete the following sentence with the best match from below. “The mechanism by which horses protract their limbs…..”
Antworten
-
Involves the brachiocephalicus muscle
-
Involves muscles that can contract to produce high amounts of muscle power
-
Uses elastic energy storage during stance in order to increase the shortening rate of the muscle- tendon unit during swing
-
Uses elastic energy storage to ensure limb protraction does not require large amounts of energy
-
Differs from that of other fast cursors
Frage 12
Frage
The fascicles that form the hierarchical structure of tendon and ligaments are composed mainly of
Antworten
-
Endotenon
-
Proteoglycans
-
Collagen type I
-
Crimp pattern
-
Collagen type III
Frage 13
Frage
The graph below shows a typical stress-strain relationship for a tendon loaded to failure. The area under the curve (shown by vertical lines) represents
Antworten
-
Heat loss with loading
-
Heat gain with loading
-
Stiffness of the tissue
-
Energy to failure of the tissue
-
Energy produced in total
Frage 14
Frage
In which layer of the epidermis are melanocyte cell bodies usually present in pigmented skin?
Antworten
-
S. corneum
-
s. basale
-
S. lucidum
-
s. granulosum
-
s. spinosum
Frage 15
Frage
Which statement best describes the sebaceous gland?
Antworten
-
Cells exhibit holocrine secretion and gland opens on to hair follicle
-
Cells exhibit merocrine secretion and gland opens on to skin surface
-
Cells exhibit apocrine secretion and gland opens on to skin surface
-
Cells exhibit merocrine secretion and gland opens on to hair follicle
-
Cells exhibit holocrine excretion and gland opens on to skin surface
Frage 16
Frage
Which of the following best describes changes in chondrocyte behaviour during the endochondral ossification process?
Antworten
-
Resting, maturation, proliferation, hypertrophy and death
-
Resting, proliferation, maturation, hypertrophy and death
-
Resting, hypertrophy, proliferation, maturation and death
-
Resting, proliferation, hypertrophy, maturation and death
-
Resting, maturation, hypertrophy, proliferation and death
Frage 17
Frage
Which of the following best describes the relative abundance of these components in fresh articular cartilage?
Antworten
-
Water > type II collagen > proteoglycan > hyaluronan
-
Water > proteoglycan > type II collagen > hyaluronan
-
Type II collagen > water > proteoglycan > hyaluronan
-
Proteoglycan > water > type II collagen > hyaluronan
-
Hyaluronan > water > proteoglycan > type II collagen
Frage 18
Frage
The predominant collagen fibre type in hyaline cartilage and bone are, respectively:
Antworten
-
III and II
-
II and III
-
I and II
-
II and I
Frage 19
Frage
Which component of hyaline cartilage is responsible for retaining the large quantities of water?
Water
Collagens
Proteoglycans
Chondrocytes
Other proteins
Antworten
-
Collagen
-
Chondrocytes
-
Proteoglycan
-
Other
-
None of the above
Frage 20
Frage
A neurone:
Antworten
-
has the capacity of self – replication by mitotic cell division
-
has Nissl substance distributed uniformly throughout the cell body
-
always presents multiple dendrites, which are of a branched pattern
-
always presents one single axone, which is branched in tree-like fashion termination
-
has a single axone process which may measure up to a metre or more in length
Frage 21
Frage
Which of the following are not correctly paired in terms of structure and function?
Antworten
-
Neurilemmal cell/myelination of axone processes in peripheral nervous system
-
Astrocyte/blood-brain barrier
-
Satellite cell/lining of cavities (ventricles) of brain
-
Oligodendrocyte/myelination of axone processes in central nervous system
-
Microglia/phagocytosis
Frage 22
Frage
A synapse:
Antworten
-
occurs between one neurone and another neurone or multiple neurones and always results in excitation of these
-
involves a synaptic delay of approximately 0.5 – 1.0 milliseconds
-
occurs between one neurone and muscle tissue and can only result in excitation of the muscle tissue
-
is always mediated by acetylcholine
-
involves a partial fusion of cell membranes
Frage 23
Frage
A ganglion:
Antworten
-
can occur in CNS or PNS
-
is always a collection of cell bodies of pseudounipolar neurones
-
is always a collection of cell bodies of sensory (afferent) neurones
-
is always a site of synapse
-
may be large enough to see at naked-eye level
Frage 24
Frage
The navicular bone:
Antworten
-
is otherwise termed the proximal sesamoid bone
-
lies within the deep digital flexor tendon
-
articulates with both the middle and distal phalanges at the distal interphalangeal joint
-
is palpable at the bulbs of the heel
-
is attached proximally to the distal divisions of the suspensory ligament
Frage 25
Frage
A ”low palmar digital nerve block” in the forelimb:
Antworten
-
blocks nerve fibres derived from only the median nerve.
-
desensitises ALL structures within the hoof
-
is performed midway between the fetlock joint and the coronary band
-
involves blocking the medial and lateral palmar digital nerves
-
is a “4 point” block
Frage 26
Frage
Coactivation is the stimulation of lower motoneurons by the upper motor neurons resulting into.
Antworten
-
Activation of gamma motoneurons to extrafusal fibres
-
Activation of alpha motoneurons to intrafusal fibres
-
Activation of both alpha and gamma motoneurons to extrafusal fibres and intrafusal fibres respectively.
-
Activation on gamma motoneurons causing the muscle spindles to relax.
Frage 27
Frage
In crossed-extensor reflex sensory inputs are relayed to the spinal cord and to the interneurons. The interneurons respond by sending inhibitory and facilitatory motor response:
Antworten
-
causing the extensor muscles in the affected limb to relax and flexor muscles to contract while both extensor and flexor muscles in the contralateral side relax.
-
causing the extensor muscles in the affected limb (ispilateral) to relax and flexor muscles to contract while extensor muscles in contralateral side relax and flexor muscles contract.
-
causing the extensor muscles in the affected limb to relax and flexor muscles to contract while both extensor and flexor muscles in the contralateral side to contract.
-
causing the extensor muscles in the affected limb (ispilateral) to relax and flexor muscles to contract while extensor muscles in contralateral side contract and flexor muscles to relax.
Frage 28
Frage
Motion of hinge joint and example
Antworten
-
multiaxial and intercarpal joint
-
uniaxial and femorotibial joint
-
multtaxial and shoulder joint
-
uniaxial and elbow joint
Frage 29
Frage
Motion of ball and socket joint and example
Antworten
-
uniaxial and elbow joint
-
uniaxial and femorotibial joint
-
multiaxial and shoulder/hip joint
-
biaxial and radiocarpal joint
Frage 30
Frage
Motion of plane joint and example
Antworten
-
biaxial and radiocarpal joint
-
multiaxial and intercarpal joint
-
uniaxial and atlantoaxial joint
-
multiaxial and shoulder/hip joint
Frage 31
Frage
Motion of elipsoidal joint and example
Antworten
-
uniaxial and atlantoaxial joint
-
biaxial and distal interphalangeal joint
-
multiaxial and intercarpal joint
-
biaxial and radiocarpal joint
Frage 32
Frage
Motion of pivot joint and example
Antworten
-
biaxial and distal interphalangeal joint
-
biaxial and radiocarpal joint
-
uniaxial and atlantoaxial joint
-
multiaxial and intercarpal joint
Frage 33
Frage
Motion of saddle joint and example
Antworten
-
biaxial and distal interphalangeal joint
-
multiaxial and intercarpal joint
-
biaxial and radiocarpal joint
-
uniaxial and femorotibial joint
Frage 34
Frage
Define the joint cavity structure
Antworten
-
A plate of fibrocartilage
-
space unique to synovial joint
-
inner lining of fibrous layer
-
A structure found in only elastic cartilage
-
A structure found in only friborus cartilage
Frage 35
Frage
The synovial membrane is highly vascularised
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 36
Frage
What is the meniscus
Antworten
-
plate of elastic cartilage
-
sesamoid bone
-
plate of fibrocartilage
-
phagocytic cells found in bone
-
a ligament
Frage 37
Frage
What does the meniscus partially or fully divide
Antworten
-
a joint cavity
-
a tendon at its insertion site
-
blood vessels and bone
-
articular cartiulage
Frage 38
Frage
What is the fibrous layer in joints
Antworten
-
a layer of bone
-
white/yellow elastic fibrous part of joint capsule which attaches to the periosteum
-
a layer of cartilage
-
substance made up of type 3 collagen
Frage 39
Frage
What is the periosteum structurally?
Antworten
-
form of hyaline cartilage
-
a segment of primary osteon
-
the extracellular matrix of bone
-
fibrous covering around bone
Frage 40
Frage
What best describes the function of the periosteum?
Antworten
-
Articulation surface between joints
-
Bone growth, repair, nutrition, ligament/tendon attachment
-
a structure to allow endochondral ossification
-
a reservoir for osteoblast cells
Frage 41
Frage
What is the major constituent of tendon?
Antworten
-
water
-
type 2 collagen
-
type 1 collagen
-
proteoglycans
-
hyaluronic acid
Frage 42
Frage
The types of cartilaginous joints
Antworten
-
synchondrosis and symphysis
-
sutures, syndesmoses and gomphosis
-
sutures, syndesmoses, symphysis and gomphosis
-
symphysis and syndesmoses
-
synchondrosis and gomphosis
Frage 43
Frage
Which one of these is not typically present in synovial fluid?
Antworten
-
water
-
hyaluronic acid
-
glycoproteins
-
surface active phospholids
-
Type A mononuclear leukocytes
-
Glucose and electrolytes
-
Platelets
Frage 44
Frage
The types of dense fibrous joints
Antworten
-
synchondrosis and symphysis
-
sutures, syndesmoses and gomphosis
-
sutures and synchondrosis
-
Gomphosis, synchondrosis and symphysis
-
Gomphosis, synchondrosis , syndesmoses and symphysis
Frage 45
Frage
What cells produce synovial fluid
Antworten
-
type A fibroblasts
-
chondrocytes
-
type B fibroblasts
-
osteoblasts
-
erythrocytes
Frage 46
Frage
How many chondrocytes are found in lacunae
Antworten
-
1
-
5
-
2-4 (usually in pairs)
-
6
-
none
Frage 47
Frage
Define Wolff's law
Antworten
-
bone will arrange randomly
-
bone only arranges in places it is needed
Frage 48
Frage
Describe remodelling
Antworten
-
bone resorption by osteoclasts followed by deposition of osteoid by osteoblasts
-
only osteoblast depositon
-
only osteoclast resorption
-
bone resorption by osteoblasts followed by deposition of osteoid by osteoclasts
Frage 49
Frage
Describe modelling
Antworten
-
the degradation of bone
-
a process to arrange collagen firbres
-
the growth of bone and change in bone shape due to bone deposition and or resporption
-
osteoblast and osteoclast activity to repair fatigue damage but no change in bone shape
Frage 50
Frage
What does intramembranous ossification form
Antworten
-
flat bones and skulls
-
bones with articulations
-
cartilage
-
mesenchyme
Frage 51
Frage
what best describes the process of intramembranous ossification
Antworten
-
direct replacement of mesenchyme with bone
-
the formation of new haversion systems containing blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves
-
the generation of bone by osteoblast cells
-
only occurs to repair fatigue damage
Frage 52
Frage
What do primary and secondary osteons form
Antworten
-
new haversion systems containing blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves
-
bone
-
cartilage
-
blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves
-
articulations
Frage 53
Frage
what cells are involved in primary osteons
Antworten
-
osteoblasts
-
osteoclasts and osteoblasts
-
osteoclasts, osteoblasts and chondrocytes
-
osteoclasts
Frage 54
Frage
where does primary osteons form
Antworten
-
surface of bone generating smooth channels
-
fibrocartilage
-
pre-existing bone from inside
-
surface of hyaline cartilage
Frage 55
Frage
What cells are involved in secondary osteons
Antworten
-
osteoclasts and osteoblasts
-
osteoblasts
-
osteoclasts
-
chondrocytes
Frage 56
Frage
where does secondary osteons take place
Antworten
-
pre-existing bone from inside
-
surface of bone and smooth
-
cartilage
-
blood vessels
Frage 57
Frage
What shape are osteoblasts and where are they present
Antworten
-
simple cells with bone extracellular matrix
-
multinuclear cells on surface of bone
-
squamous cells on surface of bone
-
cuboidal cells on the surface of bone
Frage 58
Frage
Function of osteoblasts
Antworten
-
secrete osteoid and signal osteoclasts for resorption/secretion balance
-
resorb bone matrix by secreting HCl and proteases
-
cell body in lacunae which detect microdamage and attract osteoclasts
Frage 59
Frage
Shape of osteoclasts and where they are present
Antworten
-
multinuclear cells on surface of bone
-
cuboidal cells on the surface of bone
-
simple cells within bone extracellular matrix
-
squamous cells on surface of bone
-
multinuclear cells bone extracellular matrix
Frage 60
Frage
Function of osteoclasts
Antworten
-
secrete osteoid and signal osteoclasts for resorption/secretion balance
-
resorb bone matrix by secreting HCl and proteases
-
cell body in lacunae which detect microdamage and attract osteoclasts
Frage 61
Frage
Function of osteocytes
Antworten
-
cell body in lacunae which detect microdamage and attract osteoclasts
-
resorb bone matrix by secreting HCl and proteases
-
secrete osteoid and signal osteoclasts for resorption/secretion balance
Frage 62
Frage
What best describe tendons functional organisation of collagen
Antworten
-
crimp structure
-
chain structure
-
elongated fibers running parrallel
-
random arrangement
Frage 63
Frage
Where are tenocytes located?
Antworten
-
blood plasma
-
elongated in chains between collage fibres
-
adipose tissue
-
CNS
-
PNS
Frage 64
Frage
Collagen synthesis involves?
Antworten
-
triple helix of polypeptide chains translated as procollagen and cleaved into collagen
-
double helix of polypeptide chains translated as procollagen and cleaved into collagen
-
triple helix of polypeptide chains translated as collagen
-
procollagen and glycosylated into collagen
Frage 65
Frage
Work=?
Antworten
-
force x time
-
force x distance and power x time
-
distance/ force
-
power x distance
Frage 66
Frage
Power=?
Antworten
-
work / time
-
force x distance
-
time x force
-
distance x work
Frage 67
Frage
What do short fibers at an angle increase
Antworten
-
physiological cross sectional area
-
tension
-
strength
-
power
Frage 68
Frage
Best description for large moment arms
Antworten
-
low force to lift larger loads with small motion and lower velocity
-
large force required to lift larger loads with large motion with high velocity
Frage 69
Frage
Best description for small moment arms
Antworten
-
large force required to lift larger loads with large motion and high velocity
-
lower force required to lift larger loads with small motion and low velocity
Frage 70
Frage
The name for muscle cells
Antworten
-
muscle fibre
-
myofibrils
-
myofilaments
Frage 71
Frage
What process involves the formation of syncitical structure formed by union of several embyonic myoblast cells which fuse to form a multinuclear cells
Antworten
-
Myogenesis
-
Muscle cell atrophy
-
Sarcomere increase
Frage 72
Frage
The properties of a cardiac cell
Antworten
-
Uninucleated
-
Branched
-
Central nuclei
-
All of the answers
-
Striated
Frage 73
Frage
Which one of these properties would not be attributed to smooth muscle cells
Antworten
-
Branched
-
Central nuclei
-
Uninucleated
-
Unicellular
Frage 74
Frage
Which one of these properties are not attributed to skeletal muscle cells
Antworten
-
Striated
-
Multicellular
-
Nuclei at periphery
-
Central nuceli
-
Multinuclear
Frage 75
Frage
What is the excitatory neurotransmitter of skeletal muscle
Antworten
-
acetylcholine
-
somatostatin
-
GABA
-
histamine
-
tryptamine
Frage 76
Frage
The muscle cells which are slow oxidative with low myosin ATPase activity, fatigue resistant, high oxidative ability and stain light
Antworten
-
Type 1 muscle fibres
-
Type 2a muscle fibres
-
Type 2b muscle fibres
Frage 77
Frage
The muscle cells which have high myosin ATPase activity, high oxidative and glycolytic capacity
Antworten
-
Type 2a muscle fibres
-
Type 1 muscle fibres
-
Type 2b muscle fibres
Frage 78
Frage
The muscle cells with high myosin ATPase activity, high glycolytic ability, fatigue easily and stain dark
Antworten
-
Type 2b muscle fibres
-
Type 2a muscle fibres
-
Type 1 muscle fibres
Frage 79
Frage
Alpha dystroglycan and integrins are molecules involved with
Antworten
-
endomysium to muscle fibre cytoskeleton
-
epimysium to perimysium
-
endomysium to perimyium
-
epimysium to fascia
Frage 80
Frage
The innervation ratio of muscles is best described as?
Antworten
-
the number of muscle fibres innervated by a single motor unit
-
the contractile force generated from a singular molar of neurotransmitter
-
the concentration of neurotransmitter required for contraction
-
the total number of depolarization of a motor neuron to induce contraction of muscle fibres
Frage 81
Frage
In the sarcomere structure where are thick filaments PRIMARILY myosin found
Antworten
-
A band
-
I band
-
H band
-
Z line
-
M line
Frage 82
Frage
In the sarcomere structure where are thin filaments primarily actin located
Antworten
-
I band
-
A band
-
H band
-
Z line
-
M line
Frage 83
Frage
In the sarcomere structure where is ONLY myosin located
Antworten
-
H band
-
A band
-
I band
-
Z line
-
M line
Frage 84
Frage
Where in the sarcomere is the end region containing alpha actinin
Antworten
-
Z line
-
A band
-
H band
-
I band
-
M line
Frage 85
Frage
In the sacromere where are the protein filaments which anchor thick filaments during contraction?
Antworten
-
M line
-
Z line
-
H band
-
I band
-
A band
Frage 86
Frage
Titin is the largest protein in the body.
What is its function in muscle contraction?
Antworten
-
A molecular spring responsible for the passive elasticity of muscle
-
Responsible for anchoring thick filaments during muscle contraction
-
A catabolic enzyme responsible for muscle atrophy
-
A anabolic enzyme responsible for muscle hypertrophy
Frage 87
Frage
Which description best describes the sliding filament theory
Antworten
-
shortening of sarcomeres towards origin, Z line distance reduces, strokes of myosin cross bridges pull the thin filament, A band remains the same and H band shortens
-
lengthening of sarcomeres towards origin, Z line distance reduces, strokes of myosin cross bridges pull the thin filament, A band remains the same and H band shortens
-
shortening of sarcomeres towards origin, Z line distance reduces, strokes of myosin cross bridges pull the thick filament, A band remains the same and H band shortens
Frage 88
Frage
What description best describes the cross bridge cycle?
Antworten
-
without ATP the crossbridge is strongly bound to actin, the ATP binds to myosin and crossbridge detaches due to a conformational change, ATP hydrolysed to ADP, the ADP released causing power stroke to occur
-
with ATP the crossbridge is strongly bound to actin, the ATP disscoiates from myosin and crossbridge detaches due to a conformational change, ATP binds causing power stroke to occur
-
without ATP the crossbridge is strongly bound to actin, Calcium binds to myosin and crossbridge detaches due to a conformational change, ATP hydrolysed to ADP, the ADP released causing power stroke to occur
Frage 89
Frage
What is the Ca2+ concentration required for muscle contraction?
Antworten
-
10-6 M
-
10-9 M
-
10-7 M
-
10-6 mM
Frage 90
Frage
Where is Ca2+ stored for muscle contraction
Antworten
-
sarcoplasmic reticulum
-
sarcoplasma
-
T tubules
-
mitochondria
-
lysosomes
Frage 91
Frage
DHP receptors changing leading to opening of Ryanodine receptors is due to what?
Antworten
-
T tubules conducting an action potential affects what receptors
-
Calcium entering cytoplasm from sarcoplasmic reticulum
-
Movement of the tropomyosin complex
-
Osteoblast activity
Frage 92
Frage
Ca2+ released into sarcoplasm occurs by...? (pick the most direct cause)
Antworten
-
The opening of Ryanodine receptors causes what
-
T tubules conducting action potentials
-
tropomyosin complex movement
-
Satellite cells fusing into muscle fibers
Frage 93
Frage
What is the effect of Ca2+ in muscle?
Antworten
-
binding to troponin C causing tropomyosin complex to move and expose binding sites on actin
-
T tubules conducting action potentials
-
muscle relaxation
-
DHP receptors change which opens Ryanodine receptors
Frage 94
Frage
What is osteoporosis?
Antworten
-
Bones becoming brittle and fragile from loss of tissue due to hormonal changes and deficiency of Ca and Vit D
-
bone becomes dense and susceptible to fracture due to failure in osteoclasts to resorb bone
-
Monotonic failure of bone
-
process of fatigue repair in bone
Frage 95
Frage
Genetic mutation in CA2 gene can cause
Antworten
-
osteopetrosis
-
osteoporosis
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muscle atrophy
-
muscle dysplasia
Frage 96
Frage
Describe osteopetrosis
Antworten
-
bone becomes dense and susceptible to fracture due to failure in osteoclasts to resorb bone
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bones becoming brittle and fragile from loss of tissue due to hormonal changes and deficiency of Ca and Vit D
-
Montonic failure of bone
-
Muscle dysplasia
Frage 97
Frage
Which muscle fibers will undergo hypertrophy twice as fast
Antworten
-
Type 2
-
Type 1
Frage 98
Frage
Muscle size increase by increase of what?
Antworten
-
the number of sarcomeres
-
the number of muscle fibers
-
the number of satellite cells
-
increase in the rate of myogenesis
Frage 99
Frage
From left to right label the neuron cell type
Antworten
-
multipolar, bipolar, pseudo unipolar
-
bipolar, multipolar, pseudo unipolar
-
pseudo unipolar, bipolar, multipolar
-
multipolar, pseudo unipolar, bipolar
Frage 100
Frage
The Na/K pump pumps how many Na+ out and K+in
Antworten
-
3 Na+ out 2 K+ in
-
2 Na+ out 3 K+ in
-
3 Na+ out 3 K+ in
-
3 Na+ out 1 K+ in
Frage 101
Frage
The resting membrane potential value
Antworten
-
-70mV
-
-55mV
-
+30mV
-
-75mV
Frage 102
Frage
Threshold of depolarisation for Na+ channels to open
Antworten
-
-55mV
-
-70mV
-
+30mV
-
-75mV
Frage 103
Frage
Value of depolarisation for K+ channels to open and cause repolarisation
Antworten
-
+30mV
-
-70mV
-
-75mV
-
-55mV
Frage 104
Frage
How is hyperpolarisaion of -75mV commonly known as the refractory period restored the the resting membrane potential
Antworten
-
action of Na/K pump
-
passive diffusion of Na and K
-
naturally overtime
-
the intake of Calcium ions
Frage 105
Frage
The cells responsible for myelination in the peripheral nervous system
Antworten
-
Schwann cells
-
Oligodendrocytes
-
Satellite cells
-
Neuroglia
Frage 106
Frage
The cells responsible for myelination in the central nervous system
Antworten
-
Oligodendrocytes
-
Schwann cells
-
Neuroglial cells
-
Satellite cells
Frage 107
Frage
Action potentials only occurring at the nodes of ranvier is known as?
Antworten
-
Saltatory conduction
-
Saltatory convection
-
Salivatory conduction
-
Neurogenic conduction
Frage 108
Frage
Which one of these is NOT involved with neurotransmitter release?
Antworten
-
action potentials reaches axon terminal, voltage gated Ca2+ channels open
-
Ca2+ binds to sensor proteins in cytoplasm,
-
Ca2+ protein complex stimulates docking, fusion and exocytosis of neurotransmitter
-
Lysomome degradation of neurotransmitter granules
Frage 109
Frage
The effects of excitatory neurotransmitters
Antworten
-
Na+ channels open and depolarise cell
-
Cl- channels opens and inhibit postsynaptic potential
-
Activation of Na/K pump
-
Hyperpolarisation
Frage 110
Frage
The effects of inhibitory neurotransmitters
Antworten
-
Activation of Na/K pump
-
Cl- channels opens and inhibit postsynaptic potential
-
Na+ channels open and depolarise cell
-
Depolarization of cell membrane
Frage 111
Frage
Alpha motor neurons stimulate what
Antworten
-
extrafusal fibers the normal muscle fibers
-
intrafusal fibres the muscle spindles
-
intrafusal fibers the normal muscle fibers
-
xtrafusal fibers the muscle spindles
Frage 112
Frage
Gamma motor neurons stimulate what
Antworten
-
intrafusal fibers the muscle spindles
-
extrafusal fibers the normal muscle fibers
-
extrafusal fibers the muscle spindles
-
intrafusal fibers the normal muscle fibers
Frage 113
Frage
What do muscle spindles consist of
Antworten
-
intrafusal fibres
-
nuclear bag
-
nuclear chain
-
All of the answers
Frage 114
Frage
Primary annulospiral and secondary flower spray sensory neurons serve what?
Antworten
-
the intrafusal fibers
-
the extrfusal fibers
-
interneurons
-
Bipolar neurons
Frage 115
Frage
What do primary annulospiral sensory neurons respond to and where are they located
Antworten
-
respond to onset of strecth and are located centrally
-
respond to onset of strecth and are located peripherally
-
respond to onset of flexion and are located centrally
-
respond to onset of pain and are located centrally
Frage 116
Frage
What do secondary flower spray sensory neurons respond to and where are they located
Antworten
-
respond to tonic stretch and are located at the poles
-
respond to tonic stretch and are located at centrally
-
respond to tonic stretch and are located at the peripherally
-
respond to pain and are located at the poles
Frage 117
Frage
Which one of these describes the golgi tendon reflex?
Antworten
-
disynaptic reflex which inhibits alpha motor neurons
-
monosynaptic reflex which stimulates alpha motor neurons
-
monosynaptic reflex which stimulates gamma motor neurons
-
disynaptic reflex which inhibits gamma motor neurons
Frage 118
Frage
Which one of these describes the muscle spindle reflex?
Antworten
-
monosynaptic reflex which stimulates alpha motor neurons
-
disynaptic reflex which inhibits alpha motor neurons
-
disynaptic reflex which inhibits gamma motor neurons
-
monosynaptic reflex which stimulates gamma motor neurons
Frage 119
Frage
Which structure is NOT part of the Triosseal canal?
Antworten
-
scapula
-
coracoid
-
clavicle
-
humerus
Frage 120
Frage
Hollow bones are known as what
Antworten
-
Trabecular bone
-
pneumatised bone
-
osteoporotic bone
-
osteopetrotic bone
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