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Final Exam Review --> Exam is on December 21st

Beschreibung

Zoology Quiz am Final Exam Review --> Exam is on December 21st, erstellt von Manisha BHARADIA am 30/11/2016.
Manisha BHARADIA
Quiz von Manisha BHARADIA, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
Manisha BHARADIA
Erstellt von Manisha BHARADIA vor mehr als 7 Jahre
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Zusammenfassung der Ressource

Frage 1

Frage
Match the developmental stages of the eye to their functionality: Rudimentary: small patch of photosensitive cells; [blank_start]only for presence of light[blank_end] [blank_start]Invagination of patch[blank_end]: limited directional sensitivity Pinhole Eye: forces light to fall on a very small area; [blank_start]direction and imaging[blank_end] Fluid-Filled: introduced [blank_start]diffraction and lens to refine travel[blank_end] Modern Eye: another fluid filled chamber, [blank_start]separate cornea and iris[blank_end]
Antworten
  • only for presence of light
  • Invagination of patch
  • direction and imaging
  • diffraction and lens to refine travel
  • separate cornea and iris

Frage 2

Frage
Which gene, related to the eyes, seems to be conserved amongst species?
Antworten
  • SIXP
  • PAX6
  • HEG7
  • EYE1

Frage 3

Frage
Label the Compound Eye.
Image:
03df936b-7c96-4001-8b10-d06fd943c584 (image/png)
Antworten
  • Cornea
  • The Ommatidium
  • Psuedocone
  • Support Cells
  • Retinular Cells
  • Rhabdomeres

Frage 4

Frage
Match the components of the compound eye with its purpose: Cornea: [blank_start]focuses light into central aspect[blank_end] [blank_start]Ommatidium[blank_end]: the single visual transduction unit that makes up the compound eye [blank_start]Support Cells[blank_end]: continue to focus light into the central portion of the cell Retinular Cells: [blank_start]transfer information to the rhabdomeres[blank_end] [blank_start]Rhabdomeres[blank_end]: inside of the retinular cells, send signals down to axon Rhabdomeres: [blank_start]made of microvilli, full of action[blank_end] [blank_start]Membrane of the Rhabdomeres[blank_end]: contain lots of photopigments (Rhodopsin)
Antworten
  • focuses light into central aspect
  • Ommatidium
  • Support Cells
  • transfer information to the rhabdomeres
  • Rhabdomeres
  • made of microvilli, full of action
  • Membrane of the Rhabdomeres

Frage 5

Frage
Why do Rhabdomeres have so many microvilli?
Antworten
  • To help it move around for better signal transduction
  • To help it contact the Retinular cells
  • To increase SA and the amount of Rhodopsin that can be contained on the membrane

Frage 6

Frage
What is the 2nd messenger cascade for Rhodopsin receptors?
Antworten
  • G protein --> IP3/PKC --> activate TRP cation channel
  • G protein --> Rab 2 --> activate TRP cation channel
  • G protein --> IP3/PKC --> Ca2+ release from SER

Frage 7

Frage
The vertebrate eye differs from the compound eye in that the vertebrate eye has the ability to focus light, giving it more acuity.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 8

Frage
What does the fluid filled portion of the eye introduce?
Antworten
  • Diffraction
  • Reflection
  • Refraction
  • Squishy Stuff

Frage 9

Frage
[blank_start]Convex[blank_end] lenses cause light to converge while [blank_start]concave[blank_end] lenses cause light to diverge. This is caused by [blank_start]refraction[blank_end].
Antworten
  • Convex
  • Concave
  • concave
  • convex
  • refraction
  • diffraction
  • reflection

Frage 10

Frage
Striated Muscle is:
Antworten
  • Found in the heart
  • Found in Skeletal Muscle
  • Voluntary
  • Involuntary
  • Have well defined sarcomeres
  • Single Unit
  • Multi-Unit

Frage 11

Frage
The smallest unit of skeletal muscle is called a myoblast
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 12

Frage
Identify the correct order for the creation of a multinucleated muscle cell
Antworten
  • Myoblast, myotubule, myocyte
  • Myocyte, myotubule, myoblast
  • Myotubule, myocyte, myoblast
  • myotubule, myoblast, myocyte

Frage 13

Frage
What makes a muscle striated?
Antworten
  • Myotubules
  • Myofibrils
  • Sarcomeres, contained in myofibrils
  • myocytes

Frage 14

Frage
Thick filaments are made of [blank_start]myosin[blank_end] and thin filaments are made of [blank_start]actin[blank_end].
Antworten
  • myosin
  • actin

Frage 15

Frage
Label the lines and bands on the sarcomere below:
Image:
3396875c-a0b9-4e39-a75c-bbf0b38ba2e4 (image/jpeg)
Antworten
  • Z-Disk
  • H-Zone
  • M-Line (Myosin)
  • Actin
  • I-Band
  • A-Band

Frage 16

Frage
In the sarcomere, [blank_start]titin[blank_end] asociates with myosin and [blank_start]nebulin[blank_end] associates with actin.
Antworten
  • titin
  • nebulin

Frage 17

Frage
Label the electromicrograph with the location of: 1) The A band 2) The I band 3) The H Band 4) How these components interact with light (put this on top of the location) --> only for A and I
Image:
3a19344d-087c-4ed7-946b-5b0862fee542 (image/jpeg)
Antworten
  • H-Zone
  • A-band
  • I-Band
  • ISOTROPIC (does not polarize light)
  • ANISTROPIC (polarizes light)

Frage 18

Frage
What is the thin:thick ratio of filaments in mammal skeltal muscle?
Antworten
  • 1:2
  • 2:1
  • 1:3
  • 3:1

Frage 19

Frage
Myosin is made up of:
Antworten
  • 2 heavy chains and 4 light chains
  • 4 heavy chains and 2 light chains
  • 1 heavy chain and 3 light chain
  • 3 heavy chains and 1 light chain

Frage 20

Frage
The myosin heavy chain is made up of ______________ and the myosin light chains are made up of ________________.
Antworten
  • tail, head, neck AND essential and regulatory units
  • head AND tail
  • neck AND head and tail
  • essential and regulatory units AND tail, head, neck

Frage 21

Frage
What two binding sites does the myosin head contain?
Antworten
  • Actin and ATP
  • Calcium and ATP
  • Actin and Calcium

Frage 22

Frage
What happens if trypsin is added to myosin?
Antworten
  • Myosin is split into a tail and a neck/head region
  • Head and neck are broken apart

Frage 23

Frage
What happens when Papain is applied to myosin?
Antworten
  • Split into a tail and head+neck region
  • broken apart into a head and a neck

Frage 24

Frage
There are 2 myosin light chain components per head. For a total of 4 MLC components.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 25

Frage
What are the two forms of actin?
Antworten
  • Globular & Filamentous
  • Aggregated & Spiraled

Frage 26

Frage
What are the two main regulatory proteins that associate with actin?
Antworten
  • Troponin
  • Tropomyosin
  • Malbulim
  • Triulin

Frage 27

Frage
What was proposed in the Sliding Filament Theory?
Antworten
  • The width of the A-band remains constant, the I-band and H band gets shorter
  • The width of the I-band remains constant, the A-band gets shorter
  • The width of the H-band and I-band remains constant, the I-band gets shorter

Frage 28

Frage
A. Huxley and H. Huxley both confirmed the Sliding Filament Theory through different methods.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 29

Frage
Describe what is happening at each of the points identified in the graph
Image:
3e5412a9-b543-47fa-8988-86565c4b6d7f (image/jpeg)
Antworten
  • Myosin is being crushed by the Z-disks
  • Polarity Interference; reduces Ca releas
  • Maximal cross bridge overlap
  • A little overlap
  • No more cross-bridges being formed
  • Ascending Limb
  • Plateau
  • Descending Limb

Frage 30

Frage
Pure actin contains [blank_start]no binding proteins[blank_end]. Native actin contains [blank_start]tropomyosin and troponin[blank_end].
Antworten
  • no binding proteins
  • tropomyosin and troponin

Frage 31

Frage
What characterizes rigormortis?
Antworten
  • Calcium is present, ATP is absent
  • Calcium is absent, ATP is present
  • Troponin is present, tropomyosin is absent
  • Tropomyosin is absent, troponin is present

Frage 32

Frage
What is the phyisiological calcium concentration?
Antworten
  • 10^-9 M
  • 10^-5 M
  • 10^-2 M
  • 10^-3 M

Frage 33

Frage
What is the highest number of calcium ions that troponin C can bind to?
Antworten
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4

Frage 34

Frage
Do invertebrates have Na+ channels in T tubules?
Antworten
  • Yes
  • No

Frage 35

Frage
How is an action potential propogated in invertebrate T Tubules?
Antworten
  • Via passive diffusion
  • Via voltage gated sodium channels
  • They don't propogate action potentials

Frage 36

Frage
What type of ACh receptors do skeltal muscles have?
Antworten
  • Muscharinic
  • Nicotinic

Frage 37

Frage
What stores calcium in a cell?
Antworten
  • Mitochondria
  • Lysosome
  • Smooth ER
  • Rough ER

Frage 38

Frage
What does it mean to be an "L-type" voltage gated channel?
Antworten
  • Long-lasting activation
  • Short-activation

Frage 39

Frage
What type of receptor is dihydrophyridine?
Antworten
  • L-type voltage gated calcium channel
  • tetrameric receptor with a central pore

Frage 40

Frage
What type of receptor is ryanodine?
Antworten
  • L-Type voltage-gated calcium channel
  • tetrameric protein with a central pore

Frage 41

Frage
The dihydropyridine receptor is localized on the T-tubules while the ryanodine receptor is localized on the SER membrane.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 42

Frage
The huge difference in concentration between the SER and the cytoplasm helps with [blank_start]diffusion[blank_end] but, not with [blank_start]reuptake[blank_end]. Therefore, [blank_start]calsequesterin[blank_end] helps to sequester calcium in the SER and help the SERCa pumps wor.
Antworten
  • diffusion
  • reuptake
  • calsequesterin
  • calmodulin

Frage 43

Frage
Which elements in muscle contribute to the resting tension (if a muscle were to be pulled without cross-bridges forming)?
Antworten
  • Parallel Elements
  • Series Elements
  • Perpendicular Elements

Frage 44

Frage
What type of elements do tendons serve as in muscle mechanics?
Antworten
  • External parallel component
  • External series component

Frage 45

Frage
What is the difference between a concentric and an eccentric contraction? (concentric, eccentric)
Antworten
  • Muscle shortens, Muscle lengthens
  • Muscle lengthens, Muscle shortens

Frage 46

Frage
Why is the muscle force generated from a single depolarization relatively small?
Antworten
  • It takes time for the series elastic components to stretch and generate force
  • It takes time for the parallel elastic components to stretch and generate force
  • It takes time for the contractile elements to stretch and generate force

Frage 47

Frage
Incomplete tetanus occurs when there is a [blank_start]small refractory period[blank_end] between action potentials. Fused or complete tetanus occurs when there is [blank_start]no refractory period[blank_end] between action potentials.
Antworten
  • small refractory period
  • no refractory period

Frage 48

Frage
As tetanus occurs, the overall force that the muscle can generate increases but, the force reaches a plateau after fused tetanus occurs.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 49

Frage
What is contained in a motor unit?
Antworten
  • Motor neuron
  • axons contacting muscle cells
  • grey matter
  • interneuron

Frage 50

Frage
The motor neuron extends out of the [blank_start]ventral[blank_end] horn of the spinal cord
Antworten
  • ventral

Frage 51

Frage
Spatial Summation controls:
Antworten
  • The number of muscle cells recruited
  • The distribution of muscle cells in the body
  • The areas of the body that respond to external stimuli

Frage 52

Frage
What happens in a skeletal muscle cell as the velocity of shortening increases
Antworten
  • fewer cross-bridges form
  • more cross-bridges form
  • reduced average force/cross-bridge
  • increased average force/cross-bridge

Frage 53

Frage
Power reaches a max at 20-40% of Vmax.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 54

Frage
The muscle uses ATP in the following ways: 25%: [blank_start]Pumping calcium via SERCa pumps[blank_end] [blank_start]50%[blank_end]: Heat [blank_start]25%[blank_end]: Useful work in the cross-bridge cycle
Antworten
  • Pumping calcium via SERCa pumps
  • 50%
  • 25%

Frage 55

Frage
What is muscle efficiency?
Antworten
  • Useful work/Total E Used
  • How fast a muscle can shorten
  • How strong a muscle is

Frage 56

Frage
Is there work generated from an isometric contraction?
Antworten
  • Yes
  • No

Frage 57

Frage
What are the three sources of ATP for muscle?
Antworten
  • Glycolysis
  • Oxidative Phosphorylation
  • Creatine Phosphate
  • Steroids

Frage 58

Frage
Which two (helper) proteins are involved in the smooth muscle thick and thin filament network?
Antworten
  • Caldesmon
  • Xinculin
  • Alpha-actin
  • Shelanin

Frage 59

Frage
STRESS RELAXATION ALLOWS ORGANS THAT ARE LINED BY SMOOTH MUSCLE (E.G. THE GUT) TO ACCOMMODATE LARGE CHANGES IN DIAMETER AND STILL PRODUCE ABOUT THE SAME AMOUNT OF FORCE
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 60

Frage
Match the type of smooth muscle with its mechanism of action: 1. Single Unit Smooth Muscle (Visceral): [blank_start]gap junctions, myogenic[blank_end] 2. Multi-unit Smooth Muscle: [blank_start]independent, neurogenic, fine control[blank_end]
Antworten
  • gap junctions, myogenic
  • independent, neurogenic, fine control

Frage 61

Frage
How does visceral smooth muscle depolarize without neural input?
Antworten
  • It doesn't, it requires neural input
  • Pacemaker potentials
  • Slow wave potentials

Frage 62

Frage
Where are neurotransmitters released from in neural activation of smooth muscle?
Antworten
  • Varsities
  • Varicosities
  • Synapses
  • No neurotransmitters are released

Frage 63

Frage
What is the neurotransmitter and receptor type involved in parasympathetic smooth muscle activation?
Antworten
  • Ach, nicotinic
  • Ach, muscarinic
  • Epi, alpha
  • Epi, beta

Frage 64

Frage
What is the neurotransmitter(s) and receptor type(s) involved in sympathetic smooth muscle activation?
Antworten
  • Alpha (Norepi & Epi) - contraction; Beta (Epi)- relaxation
  • Beta (Norepi & Epi) - contraction; Alpha (Epi)-relaxation
  • Beta (Epi) - contraction; Alpha (Norepi & Epi) - relaxation

Frage 65

Frage
What is it about smooth muscles that allow for Calcium diffusion WITHOUT the presence of T-Tubules?
Antworten
  • small cell diameter
  • decreased diffusion distance
  • larger cell diameter

Frage 66

Frage
The SER is the primary source of Calcium for smooth muscles.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 67

Frage
What does MLCK do?
Antworten
  • Phosphorylate MLC
  • Dephosphorylate MLC
  • Hydroxylate MLC
  • Dehydroxylate MLC

Frage 68

Frage
What is an antagonist of MLCK?
Antworten
  • MLC phosphotase
  • MLC hydrotase
  • MLC dehydrogenase
  • MLC transferase

Frage 69

Frage
What are the effects of serotonin and protein kinase C on smooth muscle?
Antworten
  • They promote muscle activity by inhibiting MLC phosphatase
  • They promote muscle relaxation by inhibiting MLC phosphatase

Frage 70

Frage
How is protein kinase activated in smooth muscle and how does it affect MLCK?
Antworten
  • Activated by Beta2 receptors; phosphorylates MLCK; inactivates it
  • Activated by Beta2 receptors; phosphorylates MLCK; activates it
  • Activated by Alpha1 receptors; phosphorylates MLCK; inactivates it
  • Activated by Alpha1 receptors; phosphorylates MLCK; activates it

Frage 71

Frage
Is Protein Kinase C an inhibitory or excitatory protein in smooth muscle contraction?
Antworten
  • Excitatory
  • Inhibitory

Frage 72

Frage
What is reciprocal innervation and when does it occur?
Antworten
  • Excitation to neuron and inhibition to another; withdrawl reflex
  • Excitation to neuron and inhibition to another; cross-extensor reflex
  • Excitation to neuron and inhibition to another; stretch reflex

Frage 73

Frage
What is the muscle involved in a myotatic/stretch reflex and what are some of its basic characteristics?
Antworten
  • Intrafusal muscle
  • Tonic; doesn't fire APs
  • Fires APs
  • Responds to stretch/shortening

Frage 74

Frage
What are the receptors contained within the intrafusal muscle?
Antworten
  • Annulospiral Receptor
  • Flower Spray Receptor
  • Dihydropuridine Receptor
  • Ryanodine Receptor

Frage 75

Frage
What type of neuron is used by Annulospiral Receptors
Antworten
  • IA - afferent
  • IIA- afferent
  • IIIA - afferent

Frage 76

Frage
What type of neuron is used by Flower Spray Receptors in a myotatic reflex?
Antworten
  • IA - afferent
  • IIA - afferent
  • IIIA- afferent

Frage 77

Frage
Label the layers of the skin and the 4 mammalian mechanoreceptors
Image:
76dfe843-c47c-4190-8630-67772caa58c0 (image/jpeg)
Antworten
  • Epidermis
  • Dermis
  • Pacinan Corpuscle
  • Ruffini Ending
  • Messiner's Corpuscle
  • Merkel Discs
  • Free Nerve Ending
  • Hair Cell

Frage 78

Frage
What type of cell is this?
Image:
3b619400-fa66-4617-9f46-79a593a71622 (image/png)
Antworten
  • Hair Cell

Frage 79

Frage
Label the Ear
Image:
425a315b-0734-4fa9-bdbd-c7869ebc5688 (image/png)
Antworten
  • Pinna
  • External Auditory Meatus
  • Tympanic Membrane
  • Ossicles
  • Semi-circular canals
  • Auditory Nerve
  • Cochlea
  • Oval Window
  • Round Window
  • Outer Ear
  • Middle Ear
  • Inner Ear

Frage 80

Frage
Label the diagram
Image:
e93e7770-15e7-4df4-9f63-d2518f674a7d (image/jpeg)
Antworten
  • External auditory meatus
  • Tympanic Membrane
  • Malleus (Hammer)
  • Incus (Anvil)
  • Stapes (Stirup)
  • Oval Window
  • Round Window

Frage 81

Frage
The two muscles involved in dampening noise to the inner ear are the tensor tympani muscle and the stapedius muscle. The tensor tempani is active when we are [blank_start]chewing[blank_end] whereas the stapedius muscle contracts when we are [blank_start]talking[blank_end].
Antworten
  • chewing
  • talking

Frage 82

Frage
Label the inner ear
Image:
d172e459-4ece-46e9-af16-1fcafda58914 (image/jpeg)
Antworten
  • Oval Window
  • Scala Vestibuli
  • Helicotrema
  • Scala tympani
  • Stapes
  • Vestibular Membrane
  • Basilar Membrane
  • Scala Media
  • Organ of Corti
  • Round Window

Frage 83

Frage
The scala vestibuli and the scala tempani are continuous, there is no membrane separating them from eachother.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 84

Frage
The organ of Corti sits on top of the Basilar Membrane.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 85

Frage
Label pathway 1 and 2 with their purpose.
Image:
4cdffd6f-0057-406a-8274-840892c6f345 (image/png)
Antworten
  • No auditory transduction
  • Transverse movement across scala media

Frage 86

Frage
The perilymph has a [blank_start]similar make up to the ECF[blank_end]. The Endolymph has a [blank_start]high K+ concentration[blank_end].
Antworten
  • similar make up to the ECF
  • high K+ concentration

Frage 87

Frage
Humans can hear between what frequency?
Antworten
  • 20 Hz-2000 Hz
  • 200-2000 Hz
  • 1000-2000 Hz

Frage 88

Frage
Label the image. Which organ is this?
Image:
7c8719bb-cd62-454f-b294-59fce965f81d (image/png)
Antworten
  • Organ of Corti
  • Tectorial Membrane
  • Scala Media
  • Support Cells
  • Inner Hair Cells
  • Auditory Nerve
  • Stereocillia
  • Outer Hair Cells

Frage 89

Frage
Outer hair cells [blank_start]control auditory transduction[blank_end] by lengthening and shortening the hair cells, while inner hair cells [blank_start]lead to auditory transduction[blank_end].
Antworten
  • control auditory transduction
  • lead to auditory transduction

Frage 90

Frage
What is the kinocilium?
Antworten
  • Stereocillia present in the eye
  • A more rigid stereocilium that is part of the hair cell
  • A small micro-organism

Frage 91

Frage
What are tip links connected to?
Antworten
  • Adjacent stereocilia
  • Stretch-activated channels
  • Voltage-Gated Channels

Frage 92

Frage
Why do Calcium and potassium enter stereocilia when stretch-gated channels are opened?
Antworten
  • Hair cells are in the endolymph
  • Hair cells are in the perilymph
  • Hair cells are in the ECF

Frage 93

Frage
Which organs provide us information about balance and movement?
Antworten
  • Semicircular Canals
  • Otolith Organs
  • Stapes
  • Ampulla

Frage 94

Frage
There are [blank_start]three[blank_end] semicircular canals that provide us information about [blank_start]rotational movement[blank_end]. The Utricle and Saccule are [blank_start]Otolith organs[blank_end] that give information about [blank_start]linear movement[blank_end]. The Utricle signals [blank_start]horizontal movement[blank_end], while the Saccule signals [blank_start]verticle movement[blank_end].
Antworten
  • three
  • two
  • four
  • rotational movement
  • Otolith organs
  • linear movement
  • horizontal movement
  • verticle movement

Frage 95

Frage
Label the diagram
Image:
397ed947-027f-4df1-8c49-fe5ddeb339cb (image/png)
Antworten
  • Semicircular Canals
  • Utricle
  • Saccule
  • Cochlea
  • Ampulla
  • Auditory Nerve
  • Oval Window
  • Round Window

Frage 96

Frage
What fluid fills the semi-circular canals?
Antworten
  • Perilymph
  • Endolymph
  • ECF

Frage 97

Frage
If you rotate your head to the left, which way is the fluid in the semicircular canals moving?
Antworten
  • To the right
  • To the left

Frage 98

Frage
When the head rotates, the ampulla in each ear
Antworten
  • Move in the same direction
  • Move in opposite directions

Frage 99

Frage
When the ampulla moves it pulls on the __________, which affects ___________.
Antworten
  • Hair cells, stretch activated channels
  • Stapes, stretch activated channels
  • Stretch activated channels, hair cells

Frage 100

Frage
When the hair cells are pushed towards the kinocilium, the cells are [blank_start]depolarized[blank_end]. When the hair cells are pushed away from the kinocilium, the cells are [blank_start]hyperpolarized[blank_end].
Antworten
  • hyperpolarized
  • depolarized

Frage 101

Frage
When you move along one axis, the hair cells in one ear are depolarized while the hair cells in the other ear are hyperpolarized. This helps you determine directionality of the movement.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 102

Frage
What happens to the ampulla after you consume a generous amount of alcohol?
Antworten
  • Specific Gravity of fluid in the canals changes --> ampulla flops over
  • Your otoliths detach and make you feel like you are spinning
  • Your semicircular canals become blocked

Frage 103

Frage
What are otoliths?
Antworten
  • The smallest bones in the body
  • Small Stones of calcium carbonate
  • They are part of the hair cell

Frage 104

Frage
Label the diagram
Image:
122cc266-bc4f-4a41-be5b-e235b9ba5588 (image/png)
Antworten
  • Kinocilium
  • Stereocillia
  • Otoliths
  • Gelatinous Layer
  • Hair Cell
  • Support Cell
  • Nerve Fibre

Frage 105

Frage
What is the function of otoliths and the gelatinous layer they are found in?
Antworten
  • They cause a lag in the movement of hair cells which helps us detect linear motion
  • They contact hair cells to activate them
  • They cause the cell to depolarize

Frage 106

Frage
What is vertigo caused by?
Antworten
  • Otoliths detaching and activating hair cells
  • Constant depolarization of hair cells
  • Missing Kinocillium

Frage 107

Frage
Label the image
Image:
f6fc9dc0-905b-4d91-8577-2aecbdddf02b (image/png)
Antworten
  • Fovea
  • Optic Disk
  • Optic Nerve
  • Sclera
  • Lens
  • Vitreous Humor
  • Aqueous Humor
  • Cornea
  • Pupil
  • Iris
  • Ciliary Body
  • Suspensory Ligaments
  • Retina

Frage 108

Frage
Where does the majority of refraction take place (in the eye)?
Antworten
  • Lens
  • Cornea
  • Retina
  • Aqueous Humor

Frage 109

Frage
What produced aqueous humor?
Antworten
  • Cornea
  • Ciliary Bodies
  • Conjunctiva
  • Lens

Frage 110

Frage
What does the aquous humor do?
Antworten
  • Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the cornea
  • Is the sole layer responsible for refracting light
  • Diffractions light

Frage 111

Frage
How is vitreous humor produced?
Antworten
  • Ciliary Bodies
  • Residual aqueous humor that passes through the lens
  • Conjunctiva

Frage 112

Frage
What is the structure that allows aqueous humor to drain from the eye?
Antworten
  • Tear Duct
  • Conjunctiva
  • Pupil
  • Canals of Schlem

Frage 113

Frage
How many mL of aqueous humor is produced in a day?
Antworten
  • 1
  • 2
  • 5
  • 10

Frage 114

Frage
What is the purpose of the iris?
Antworten
  • To make the eye look nice
  • To stop light and force it to enter via the pupil
  • To diffract light

Frage 115

Frage
Match the muscle with 1) Movement of eye 2) Where it is located in the iris 3) which system it responds to: Circular: [blank_start]constrictive[blank_end]; [blank_start]center[blank_end]; [blank_start]parasympathetic[blank_end] Radial: [blank_start]dilates[blank_end]; [blank_start]outer portion[blank_end]; [blank_start]sympathetic[blank_end]
Antworten
  • constrictive
  • center
  • parasympathetic
  • dilates
  • outer portion
  • sympathetic

Frage 116

Frage
Label the image, - the blue and pink arrows indicated the type of stimulation - label the other lines with the characteristics of that particular part of the eye - In front of the cornea of each eye, label the type of light that causes the observed changes
Image:
066b9c96-038c-4faf-a30b-1fd374ca4f38 (image/png)
Antworten
  • Sympathetic Stimulation
  • Far object --> light comes in parallel
  • Near object --> light comes in diverging
  • Relaxed Ciliary Muscles
  • Flattened, weak lens
  • Tight suspensory ligaments
  • Parasympathetic Stimulation
  • Contracted Ciliary Muscles
  • Strong, Rounded Lens
  • Loose suspensory ligaments

Frage 117

Frage
Match the terms: Normal Vision: [blank_start]emmetropia[blank_end] Near-sighted: [blank_start]myopia[blank_end] Far- sighted: [blank_start]hyperopia[blank_end]
Antworten
  • emmetropia
  • myopia
  • hyperopia

Frage 118

Frage
How do you correct myopia?
Antworten
  • Concave lens to allow light to reach the back of the retina
  • Convex lens to allow light to reach the back of the retina

Frage 119

Frage
What happens in hyperopia?
Antworten
  • Light is focused behind the retina
  • The lens is too weak
  • The lens is too strong
  • Far-sighted
  • Near-sighted

Frage 120

Frage
As we age...
Antworten
  • The crystalline structure in our eyes starts to deteriorate
  • Cataracts form
  • Lens becomes more flexible
  • Lens becomes less flexible
  • Presbyopia develops
  • Near-Sighted
  • Far-sighted

Frage 121

Frage
Label the Retinal Cells
Image:
0cb8ea2b-de63-4250-b329-e88364769aec (image/png)
Antworten
  • Light
  • Ganglion Cell
  • Amacrine Cells
  • Bipolar Cells
  • Horizontal Cell
  • Rod
  • Cone
  • Back of Retina

Frage 122

Frage
What is it about the processing cells in the retina that allow light to travel to the photoreceptors?
Antworten
  • They are transparent
  • There are spaces between the cells for light to pass through
  • Light cannot pass through, it has to be transmitted through the processing cells first

Frage 123

Frage
What is at the optic disk?
Antworten
  • Blood Vessels
  • Highest Visual Acuity
  • Blind Spot
  • Axons of Ganglion Cells converge here
  • Optic Nerve
  • Macula

Frage 124

Frage
There are many more rods than cones in the retina.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 125

Frage
There are more [blank_start]rods[blank_end] than [blank_start]cones[blank_end] in the retina. Rods are activated by [blank_start]low light[blank_end] and have a [blank_start]slow[blank_end] response time. Cones are activated in [blank_start]intense light[blank_end] and have a [blank_start]fast[blank_end] response time. Rods are [blank_start]monochromatic[blank_end] while cones are [blank_start]trichromatic[blank_end].
Antworten
  • rods
  • cones
  • low light
  • slow
  • intense light
  • fast
  • monochromatic
  • trichromatic

Frage 126

Frage
Cones are better than rods in detecting changes in visual stimuli.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 127

Frage
Which neurotransmitter is released by rods and cones?
Antworten
  • Glutamate
  • Dopamine
  • Serotonin
  • Glutamine

Frage 128

Frage
Why are cones better at transducing light?
Antworten
  • They have increased SA
  • They have disks in their outer segment
  • They have a larger amount of Glutamate that can be released

Frage 129

Frage
Retinal is derived from which vitamin?
Antworten
  • Vit B1
  • Vit B6
  • Vit E
  • Vit A

Frage 130

Frage
When no light is present, retinal is in the all [blank_start]cis[blank_end] form. When light hits, it is converted into the all [blank_start]trans[blank_end] form. This form is also called [blank_start]metarhodopsin II[blank_end].
Antworten
  • cis
  • trans
  • metarhodopsin II

Frage 131

Frage
cGMP phosphodiesterase converts [blank_start]cGMP[blank_end] into [blank_start]5' GMP[blank_end] which causes the rod cell to [blank_start]hyperpolarize[blank_end].
Antworten
  • cGMP
  • 5' GMP
  • hyperpolarize

Frage 132

Frage
If an on-center bipolar cell is stimulated, this means that the off-center bipolar cell will not be stimulated.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 133

Frage
Label the diagram
Image:
2098218b-249d-428b-8932-27724ce0caf8 (image/png)
Antworten
  • Photoreceptor = hyperpolarized (LIGHT)
  • On-center bipolar (DEPOL)
  • On-center Ganglion (DEPOL)
  • Off-center Bipolar (HYPERPOL)
  • Off-center Ganglion (HYPERPOL)
  • Few APs
  • Many APs

Frage 134

Frage
What type of pathway is visual transduction following in this pathway ?(label in top L corner) Label the cell types present
Image:
2d231bbc-601e-4615-97de-305ebc8f3a21 (image/png)
Antworten
  • Vertical Pathway
  • Lateral Pathway
  • Photoreceptor = HYPERPOL (LIGHT)
  • Horizontal = HYPERPOL
  • Adjacent PR = DEPOL
  • Adjacent PR = HYPERPOL
  • On-center bipolar = HYPERPOL
  • Off-center bipolar = HYPERPOL
  • Off-center ganglion = HYPERPOL
  • On-center ganglion = HYPERPOL
  • Few APs
  • Lots of APs

Frage 135

Frage
What type of process would generate these responses?
Image:
c3aa87f7-8a3d-4d84-88a8-530c6048cab2 (image/png)
Antworten
  • On-Center Processes
  • Off-Center Processes

Frage 136

Frage
What type of processes would generate these responses?
Image:
f0572a08-48e3-45ee-b4e6-ea3f0f57596c (image/png)
Antworten
  • Off-Center Processes
  • On-Center Processes

Frage 137

Frage
Blue cones contain the pigment [blank_start]cyanolabe[blank_end] Green cones contain the pigment [blank_start]chlorolabe[blank_end] Red cones contain the pigment [blank_start]erythrolabe[blank_end]
Antworten
  • cyanolabe
  • Chlorolabe
  • Erythrolabe
  • chlorolabe
  • Cyanolabe
  • erythrolabe
  • erythrolabe
  • cyanolabe
  • chlorolabe

Frage 138

Frage
Blue light has the [blank_start]shortest[blank_end] wavelength of light, while red has the [blank_start]longest[blank_end].
Antworten
  • shortest
  • longest

Frage 139

Frage
What is color blindness caused by?
Antworten
  • Deficiency in rods
  • Deficiency in cones
  • Difficiency in metarhodopsin II
  • Deficiency in retinal
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