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Behavioural Psychology

Beschreibung

Bangor University Behavioural psychology module
Ben Armstrong
Quiz von Ben Armstrong, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
Ben Armstrong
Erstellt von Ben Armstrong vor mehr als 7 Jahre
105
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Zusammenfassung der Ressource

Frage 1

Frage
Visual analysis involves looking at the level, trend, and __________ of the data.
Antworten
  • Generality
  • Variability
  • Mean
  • Mode

Frage 2

Frage
A common assumption in social science is that variability is ________ to the individual.
Antworten
  • Intrinsic
  • Uncontrollable
  • Extrinsic
  • Covert

Frage 3

Frage
___________ are tentative statements for which further support is sought.
Antworten
  • Theories
  • Hypotheses
  • Hypothetico-deductions
  • ABA

Frage 4

Frage
Behaviour analysis ___________ ‘off-the-shelf’ designs for particular research questions.
Antworten
  • Does not have
  • Uses
  • Deductively uses
  • Sparingly uses

Frage 5

Frage
A ________ of behaviour describes a functional relation between behaviour and controlling variables.
Antworten
  • Tactic
  • Theory
  • Principle
  • Hypothesis

Frage 6

Frage
Inductive approaches involve _____________________________ .
Antworten
  • giving prominence to hypothesis testing
  • giving prominence to theory rather than data
  • giving prominence to data rather than theory
  • giving prominence to experimental behaviour analysis

Frage 7

Frage
Dissimilarity of scores in an experimental condition is called _________.
Antworten
  • Trend
  • Variability
  • Stability
  • A non-parametric test

Frage 8

Frage
When changes in behaviour result from the intervention are meaningful and useful, they are _____________.
Antworten
  • reliable and significant
  • statistically significant
  • clinically significant
  • measuring what they are supposed to

Frage 9

Frage
A/an __________ is a brief but specific statement of what the researcher wants to learn from conducting the experiment.
Antworten
  • induction
  • hypothesis
  • experimental question
  • abstract

Frage 10

Frage
Beginning with a measure of an individual’s behaviour against which an independent variable is measured is called ___________.
Antworten
  • establishing a baseline
  • developing a hypothesis
  • measuring trend
  • measuring variability

Frage 11

Frage
In his book The Behavior of Organisms (1938) Skinner described a science called the ______________.
Antworten
  • experimental analysis
  • applied analysis
  • behavioural analysis
  • ABA reversal design

Frage 12

Frage
______________ is antithetical to determinism, which specifies that behaviour is lawful.
Antworten
  • Accidentalism
  • Empiricism
  • Mentalism
  • Materialism

Frage 13

Frage
Radical behaviourism does not ignore thoughts and feelings, but treats them like other operant behaviours and calls them _________.
Antworten
  • emotive behaviours
  • private events
  • private occurrences
  • emotive feelings

Frage 14

Frage
_____________ are circular arguments that do not help to explain behaviour.
Antworten
  • Parsimonious fictions
  • Fictitious explanations
  • Explanatory fictions
  • Facts

Frage 15

Frage
The principle that conclusions drawn from scientific manipulation are tentative is that of ________________.
Antworten
  • philosophic doubt
  • scientific doubt
  • empiricism
  • subjective opinion

Frage 16

Frage
A behaviour analyst may use some _______________________.
Antworten
  • discrete trial teaching as the main approach.
  • discrete trial teaching, but only for children with autism.
  • discrete trial teaching.
  • biased opinion

Frage 17

Frage
_________________ refers to a variety of techniques designed to reduce the stimulation directly produced by a response.
Antworten
  • Planned ignoring
  • Sensory extinction
  • Escape extinction
  • Shaping

Frage 18

Frage
Allen et al. (2013) found that the presence of manic episode in a woman with schizoaffective disorder and an intellectual disability made challenging behaviour sensitive to attention. This indicated that her challenging behaviour was likely maintained by ____________.
Antworten
  • negative reinforcement
  • positive punishment
  • positive reinforcement
  • negative punishment

Frage 19

Frage
Escape extinction is ___________ for behaviours maintained by social attention.
Antworten
  • irrelevent
  • recommended
  • contraindicated
  • highly recommended

Frage 20

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Holtyn et al. (2014) used negative reinforcement to increase drug abstinence by introducing a _______________ contingent on an employee producing a urine sample showing drug use.
Antworten
  • token econonomy
  • base pay reset
  • pay rise
  • sectioning

Frage 21

Frage
A cumulative record shows the pattern of responding _______ sessions.
Antworten
  • across
  • within
  • outside
  • dependent on

Frage 22

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Under a fixed-time schedule, reinforcers are delivered __________ behaviour.
Antworten
  • Irrespective of
  • contingent on
  • after a
  • before a

Frage 23

Frage
A ________ schedule is an example of a complex schedule of reinforcement.
Antworten
  • Variable interval
  • Feedback
  • tandem
  • Fixed ratio

Frage 24

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The pattern of responding under a fixed-ratio schedule involves a post-reinforcement pause and a series of reinforcers; a pattern which is called ______________.
Antworten
  • Pause-and-respond
  • scallop
  • break-and-run
  • time-out

Frage 25

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A ratio schedule requires a specified number of ___________ since the last reinforcer for the next reinforcer to be obtained.
Antworten
  • stimuli
  • seconds
  • reponses
  • minutes

Frage 26

Frage
Schedule thinning often involves moving from a continuous schedule of reinforcement to an __________ schedule of reinforcement.
Antworten
  • intermittent
  • indirect
  • independent
  • complex

Frage 27

Frage
Sometimes, humans are less sensitive to schedules than animals because of instructional control. Instructional control describes how _____________ interferes with the schedule.
Antworten
  • verbal behaviour
  • stimulus control
  • motivating operations
  • copulation

Frage 28

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One of the limitations of the research on schedules is that a large proportion of it has been conducted using ______________.
Antworten
  • positive reinforcement
  • negative reinforcement
  • positive punishment
  • negative punishment

Frage 29

Frage
Grow et al. (2010) interspersed periods of staff availability with unavailability to put excessive social behaviours of a man with intellectual disabilities under stimulus control. The two schedules (availability and unavailability) were a multiple schedule because they ____________________.
Antworten
  • were simultaneous and had discriminative stimuli
  • were successive and had discriminative stimuli
  • were simultaneous and had no discriminative stimuli
  • involved reinforcement

Frage 30

Frage
Saunders et al. (2005) showed that showing their participants how pieces of paper they had to shred to earn reinforcers under a fixed ratio schedule made the schedule more effective. This is an example of a ___________________.
Antworten
  • Post-reinforcement pause
  • Fixed time schedule
  • discriminative stimulus
  • punishment

Frage 31

Frage
Reinforcement available for responding outside of schedules in the matching law (Re) is called _______________.
Antworten
  • Externalising reinforcement
  • Extraneous reinforcement
  • Experimental reinforcement
  • Equal reinforcement

Frage 32

Frage
In a concurrent schedule, two or more schedules are available at the same time, and they are ______________ .
Antworten
  • dependent
  • interdependent
  • independent
  • intradependent

Frage 33

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Matching law analyses usually use ______ schedules as they produce a high, stable rate of responding.
Antworten
  • VR
  • VI
  • FI
  • FR

Frage 34

Frage
_______________ response effort on an alternative will result in an increase in responding on that alternative.
Antworten
  • Decreasing
  • Increasing
  • Not changing
  • Maximising

Frage 35

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In Herrnstein's (1971) matching law equation, B and R represent _____________________________________ respectively.
Antworten
  • behaviour emitted and reinforcers obtained
  • behaviour emitted and reinforcers available
  • behaviour obtained and reinforcers available
  • behaviour obtained and reinforcers obtained

Frage 36

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The allocation of responses to alternatives in a matching analysis is the _________ response ratio
Antworten
  • absolute
  • relative
  • independent
  • reverse

Frage 37

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Applied situations can often be analysed as ________________________.
Antworten
  • concurrent reinforcement schedules
  • nonconcurrent reinforcement schedules
  • mixed reinforcement schedules
  • Stimulus control

Frage 38

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The opportunity to choose is effective for increasing appropriate behaviour, however it is difficult to tell whether this is because of the reinforcing effects of making a choice, or that making a choice provided access to more reinforcing outcomes. This is called the _____________________________.
Antworten
  • choosing effect
  • reinforcing effect
  • differential outcomes effect
  • individual differences

Frage 39

Frage
Borrero et al. (2007) showed that social interactions were aimed at people in a conversation based on how much reinforcement they provided for interactions (i.e., matching). This finding could be used in a classroom by providing a __________________ for children who call out too often and the opposite for children who do not participate enough.
Antworten
  • denser schedule
  • leaner schedule
  • concurrent schedule
  • a more compacted schedule

Frage 40

Frage
The opportunity to choose tasks, rather than being assigned tasks, might alter the value of escape (i.e., could be a / an __________________ for escape as a reinforcer).
Antworten
  • establishing operations
  • abolishing operation
  • concurrent schedule
  • motivating operation

Frage 41

Frage
Because it can be paired with a wide variety of other reinforcers, money is a _____________________.
Antworten
  • generalised unconditioned reinforcer
  • primary reinforcer
  • generalised conditioned reinforcer
  • token economy

Frage 42

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If you add a response cost to a token economy, you are adding a _____________________.
Antworten
  • Negative punisher
  • Negative reinforcer
  • Positive reinforcer
  • Positive punisher

Frage 43

Frage
______________________ involves using a tone as a conditioned reinforcer in recall ranching of fish.
Antworten
  • Implementing a token economy
  • Temporal discrimination
  • Acoustic conditioning
  • Acoustic encoding

Frage 44

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In a token economy, it is important to clearly explain and arrange how conditioned reinforcers will be ______________________.
Antworten
  • exchanged
  • changed
  • unconditioned
  • conditioned

Frage 45

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A person's _________________ can account for variations in the stimuli that will serve as conditioned reinforcers or punishers for that person.
Antworten
  • personality
  • learning history
  • motivation
  • discriminative stimuli

Frage 46

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A potential mistake in setting up a token economy is to __________________.
Antworten
  • stop the person bargaining with you
  • thin the schedule
  • define behaviours poorly
  • make the schedule denser

Frage 47

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Protopopova and Wynne (2015) found that the behaviour of dogs in a shelter could be improved to increase their chances of adoption. Under a differential reinforcement of other behaviour schedule (DRO), reinforcers are presented ____________________.
Antworten
  • at fixed times but only if the undesirable behaviour is not occurring
  • contingent on desirable behaviour
  • contingent on undesirable behaviour
  • regardless of their behaviour (FI)

Frage 48

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TAGTEACH, which involves a clicker as a conditioned reinforcer for human behaviour, is called __________________.
Antworten
  • teaching with unconditioned reinforcement
  • teaching with acoustical guidance
  • conditioned teaching
  • teaching by playing tag

Frage 49

Frage
The difference between clicker training in animals and TAGTEACH is __________________________________________________________ .
Antworten
  • there is no explicit pairing of the sound with a primary reinforcer in TAGTEACH
  • there is no backup reinforcer in TAGTEACH
  • clicker training in animals is more effective
  • TAGTEACH uses a token economy whereby clicker training does not

Frage 50

Frage
A conditioned reinforcer is also called a _____________________.
Antworten
  • primary reinforcer
  • pairing reinforcer
  • secondary reinforcer
  • Token Economy

Frage 51

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When superstitious behaviour occurs because of something in the environment, it is a Type 2 superstition. Behaviour is under superstitious ______________ control.
Antworten
  • causal
  • discriminitive
  • reinforcer
  • correlation

Frage 52

Frage
Skinner (1948) showed each pigeon in his study engaged in a dominant superstitious response when he delivered reinforcers on a __ schedule of reinforcement.
Antworten
  • FR
  • FT
  • VI
  • VR

Frage 53

Frage
Killeen (1978) showed that superstitious behaviour may not be a result of an inability to discriminate, but of _________ .
Antworten
  • chance
  • bias
  • contingency shaping
  • fixed schedules

Frage 54

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Adventitious reinforcement is when a reinforcer __________ a behaviour but is not caused by it
Antworten
  • precedes
  • occurs simultaneously with
  • follows
  • motivates

Frage 55

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Superstitious behaviour drifts over time because small ______________ in the behaviour are reinforced and become dominant
Antworten
  • consistencies
  • variations
  • motivations
  • contingencies

Frage 56

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Rule-governed behaviour arises with instruction; it is ______________.
Antworten
  • shaped
  • affected by contingencies
  • not shaped
  • chained

Frage 57

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The law of effect is a _______________ ; it’s about things happening close together in time.
Antworten
  • temporal law
  • temperate law
  • discriminative law
  • fixed ratio schedule

Frage 58

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Supersitious behaviour is NOT _____________ .
Antworten
  • Difficult to produce
  • persistent
  • Behaviour that drifts over time
  • in fact, real

Frage 59

Frage
Wager and Morris (1978) found that when a clown dispensed marbles on a fixed-time schedule, children developed superstitious behaviour that was characteristic of scalloped responding under a _____________ schedule.
Antworten
  • Fixed-ratio
  • Fixed-interval
  • Variable-ratio
  • Variable-interval

Frage 60

Frage
A behaviour analytic account of values is that ________________________ .
Antworten
  • Values don’t exist
  • Values are unconditioned
  • we learn to call some things good and some things bad
  • Values that exist

Frage 61

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To facilitate generalisation to the real-world setting when teaching someone to order at McDonalds, you might use a real McDonalds menu during training. This is called _______________ .
Antworten
  • multiple exemplar training
  • discrimination training
  • incorporating common stimuli
  • naturally-occuring stimuli

Frage 62

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A prominent stimulus in the environment can be called _________ .
Antworten
  • salient
  • generalisable
  • discrete
  • Insignificant

Frage 63

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The occurrence of behaviour in untrained settings is ___________.
Antworten
  • generalisation
  • discrimination
  • salience
  • incorporating common stimuli

Frage 64

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Untrained behaviours that are _______________ to the behaviour that was trained appear under response generalisation.
Antworten
  • functionally irrelevant
  • functionally equivalent
  • topographically equivalent
  • naturally-occurring stimuli

Frage 65

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Training can be said to be effective when behaviour comes under the control of ___________________________.
Antworten
  • discriminated operants
  • prompts
  • naturally-occurring stimuli
  • incorporating common stimuli

Frage 66

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Discrimination is when different stimuli ________________________________.
Antworten
  • evoke the same response
  • do not evoke the same response
  • evokes a prompt
  • prevents the same response

Frage 67

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A generalisation gradient shows how much responding occurs as a dimension of the _________________ varies (e.g., colour).
Antworten
  • reinforcer
  • discriminative stimulus
  • behaviour
  • stimuli

Frage 68

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Lalli et al. (1998) found that the probability of self-injurious behaviour varied based on how close the therapist stood to the child. They were able to plot a generalisation gradient and the discriminative stimulus was __________________.
Antworten
  • the child
  • the therapist
  • attention
  • the classroom

Frage 69

Frage
Guttman and Kalish (1956) showed that pigeons' responding to keys that were a slightly different colour to the training key colour made a generalisation gradient. The shape of this gradient was ______________________________ .
Antworten
  • a peak in the middle at the training key colour, with fewer and fewer responses the further away the colour was from the training colour.
  • more responding to shades of yellow, with no peak
  • a dip in responses at the training colour, with more responding to other colours
  • a bell-curve

Frage 70

Frage
When you make a generalisation gradient, you plot the ___________________________________ x- and y-axes, respectively.
Antworten
  • dimension of the discriminative stimulus and number of responses
  • number of responses and dimension of the discriminative stimulus
  • number of responses and reinforcers
  • data points

Frage 71

Frage
The consequence of another person terminating an aversive task, interaction, or activity contingent on a behaviour is ______________________.
Antworten
  • Social positive reinforcement
  • Social negative reinforcement
  • Social negative punishment
  • Social positive punishment

Frage 72

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Automatic reinforcement occurs when _____________________.
Antworten
  • behaviour is followed by a conditioned reinforcer
  • behaviour is followed by praise
  • behaviour provides stimulation
  • contingencies are met

Frage 73

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Indirect methods as also called ______________ because they involve gathering information from people in the environment.
Antworten
  • direct observation
  • descriptive methods
  • informant methods
  • covert attention

Frage 74

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A _______________ involves manipulating antecedents or consequences to determine their effect on behaviour.
Antworten
  • functional analysis
  • scatterplot
  • direct observation
  • simple regression

Frage 75

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In a functional analysis, function is indicated in the condition with the _________________.
Antworten
  • the lowest rate of responding
  • the highest rate of responding
  • an average rate of responding
  • generalisation of the behaviour

Frage 76

Frage
Behaviour change as a result of a specific change in the environment as part of a procedure shows a _____________________.
Antworten
  • topography of behaviour
  • functional relation
  • purposeful behaviour
  • generalised behaviour

Frage 77

Frage
Sharp et al. (2012) showed that liquid rescheduling was effective in decreasing rumination (repetitive regurgitation and re-swallowing of food). Liquid rescheduling is ___________________.
Antworten
  • An antecedent intervention
  • An intervention for behaviours maintained by escape
  • A reinforcer
  • A punisher (Frank Castle)

Frage 78

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Dozier et al. (2011) arranged their functional analysis conditions to reflect the ______________________ of a man's inappropriate sexual behaviour involving feet and shoes. This helped them identify antecedents.
Antworten
  • Reinforcers
  • relevant stimulus conditions
  • extinction conditions
  • punishers

Frage 79

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Scratching a poison ivy rash is an example of _______________________ . A functionally-equivalent response would be to put calamine lotion on it.
Antworten
  • Automatic negative reinforcement
  • Automatic positive reinforcement
  • Social negative reinforcement
  • Social positive reinforcement

Frage 80

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Tangible reinforcement is also called _______________.
Antworten
  • escape
  • social positive reinforcement
  • automatic positive reinforcement
  • automatic negative reinforcement

Frage 81

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Explaining animal behaviour in terms of human motives is _______________________.
Antworten
  • problem solving
  • functional equivalence
  • an anthropomorphism
  • preposterous

Frage 82

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Novel behaviours can arise from trial-and-error, stimulus generalisation, and _____________________.
Antworten
  • imitation
  • response generalisation
  • problem solving
  • shaping

Frage 83

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A dog looking 'guilty' could be negatively reinforced because _______________________.
Antworten
  • it results in being petted
  • it results in the scolding stopping
  • it results in being forgiven
  • the dog actually feels guilty

Frage 84

Frage
When Epstein's pigeons were placed in the problem solving situation there was ________________________________________.
Antworten
  • imitation of previous responses
  • shaping of behaviour
  • an initial conflict between responses
  • great cognitions within the pigeons

Frage 85

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Keeping the Russian anti-tank dogs hungry created _____________________________.
Antworten
  • stimulus control
  • a motivating operation
  • generalisation
  • a discriminative stimulus

Frage 86

Frage
Performing novel behaviours in a situation that you've never been in before to produce certain consequences is __________.
Antworten
  • trial and error
  • problem solving
  • anthropomorphising
  • looking like a fool

Frage 87

Frage
The purpose of conducting a preference assessment for dogs such as in Vicars et al. (2014) is to identify stimuli that might serve as ____________________.
Antworten
  • reinforcers
  • motivating operations
  • punishers
  • abolishing operations

Frage 88

Frage
Vicars et al. (2014) used a paired stimulus preference assessment for dogs. This involved presenting pairs of stimuli from which the dogs could choose, an approach based on _____________________.
Antworten
  • Supersitious behaviour
  • Stimulus control
  • the matching law
  • previous research

Frage 89

Frage
Martin et al. (2011) conducted a functional analysis on a chimpanzee's faeces throwing behaviour. They found that the chimpanzee was engaging in this behaviour ____________________________.
Antworten
  • Because it was angry
  • Because it was being punished
  • Because it received reinforcers for doing so
  • because it wanted to be a major league baseball player

Frage 90

Frage
Improving the quality of life of animals in captivity would NOT include ________________________to manage difficult behaviour.
Antworten
  • Environmental enrichment
  • implementing function-based interventions
  • Forcing compliance
  • forcing conformity

Frage 91

Frage
Criminal profiling is a process by which evidence (particularly that found at a crime scene) is analysed to determine ______________ offender characteristics.
Antworten
  • probable
  • personality
  • with certainty
  • deep

Frage 92

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Kocsis, Hayes, and Irwin (2002) found the _______________ was not a factor in the accuracy of profiling.
Antworten
  • gender
  • age
  • experience
  • genetics

Frage 93

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______________ assumes that offenders engaging in similar behaviours will display similar characteristics.
Antworten
  • Homology
  • Behaviourism
  • Empiricism
  • Hetrology

Frage 94

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Ferguson (2013) suggested that there are only five relevant offender characteristics in a profile - motive, special skills or knowledge of methods and materials, relationship to the victim, __________________ and criminal skill or forensic awareness.
Antworten
  • personality
  • knowledge of the crime scene or location
  • history of abuse
  • drunk and disorderly

Frage 95

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One of the challenges is behaviour analysis of criminal behaviour is that often, the behaviours are _________.
Antworten
  • not measurable
  • internal
  • covert
  • overt

Frage 96

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A challenge in teaching incarcerated offenders new behaviours whilst they are in prison is ______________.
Antworten
  • They don’t want to change
  • generalisation to outside settings
  • there is no evidence that it works
  • extensively researched and completely effective

Frage 97

Frage
Being sent to prison after committing a crime could be a ___________________.
Antworten
  • Delayed punisher
  • Punisher with good temporal contiguity
  • Discriminative stimulus for crime
  • an ineffective means of teaching someone a lesson. Bring back public execution! :D

Frage 98

Frage
Committing crimes can be on _______________ schedule of reinforcement – sometimes you don’t get caught
Antworten
  • a continuous
  • no
  • intermittent
  • fixed interval

Frage 99

Frage
Schnelle et al. (1978) found that adding a helicopter decreased burglaries and the cash benefits outweighed the cost of the helicopter. The helicopter was most likely a ___________________________.
Antworten
  • discriminative stimulus for a punisher (being caught)
  • punisher
  • motivating operation
  • reinforcer

Frage 100

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Bassett and Blanchard (1977) found that the number of behaviours punished and the frequency of punishment increased when a prison token economy was unsupervised. This could have been because implementing punishment was a _____________ for the behaviour of the guards running the token economy.
Antworten
  • punisher
  • motivating operation
  • reinforcer
  • jeez why did i even start this quiz 100 QUESTIONS!!!?? you're having a laugh mate...

Frage 101

Frage
You have been asked to assess and change a child’s disruptive behaviour at school. The teacher reports that he engages in the behaviour most during maths class. When is the best time to observe?
Antworten
  • During maths lessons.
  • During all lessons.
  • At home.
  • During school and at home.

Frage 102

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The research approach that looks at generating theories from carefully collected data is called...
Antworten
  • behaviour analysis.
  • deduction.
  • induction.
  • the scientific method.

Frage 103

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Which of the following is accurate from the perspective of behaviour analysis?
Antworten
  • Positive means additive and negative means subtractive.
  • Positive means good and negative means bad.
  • Positive means in the desired direction and negative means contrary to the desired direction
  • Positive means reinforcing and negative means punishing

Frage 104

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Behaviour analysts look for causes of psychological behaviour in the...
Antworten
  • mind.
  • behaver’s repertoire.
  • DSM.
  • environment

Frage 105

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Behaviour can be defined as...
Antworten
  • anything a person does.
  • the interaction of an organism in an environment.
  • thoughts and feelings.
  • all of the answers

Frage 106

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Which of the following is a principle?
Antworten
  • Shaping
  • Reinforcement
  • Chaining
  • Discrimination training

Frage 107

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The use of visual analysis requires which of the following assumptions?
Antworten
  • That the data are accurate.
  • That all variables (other than the independent variable) were held consistent across phases
  • That the baseline comes first followed by intervention.
  • The data is accurate, and the variables are consistent

Frage 108

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The experimental analysis of behaviour as defined by Skinner, involves:
Antworten
  • Mentalisms
  • Hypothetical constructs
  • A focus on the environment
  • A focus on the cognitions

Frage 109

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The dimension of applied behaviour analysis ‘generality’ refers to...
Antworten
  • Behaviour change being meaningful
  • Behaviour change persisting across time
  • Behaviour change persisting across time and across settings
  • Behaviour change methods are described in detail

Frage 110

Frage
How are reinforcement and bribery different?
Antworten
  • Bribery doesn’t work
  • Reinforcement doesn’t work
  • Bribery precedes behaviour and benefits the briber, reinforcement follows behaviour and is intended to benefit the learner
  • Reinforcement follows behaviour and benefits the person reinforcing the behaviour, bribery precedes a behaviour and benefits the briber

Frage 111

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Removing reinforcement for a previously reinforced behaviour is....
Antworten
  • Punishment
  • Ignoring
  • Extinction but is never ignoring
  • Extinction and can be ignoring

Frage 112

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Motivating operations...
Antworten
  • Permanently change the value of a reinforcer and frequency of behaviours previously reinforced by that reinforcer
  • Momentarily change the value of a reinforcer and frequency of behaviours previously reinforced by that reinforcer
  • Deprivation
  • The value of a punisher

Frage 113

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A schedule is defined as...
Antworten
  • A rule that describes a contingency.
  • A type of reinforcer specific to that individual
  • A visual system used to help children with autism manage transitions
  • Reinforcing every instance of behaviour.

Frage 114

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Which of the following schedules are intermittent?
Antworten
  • variable interval and fixed interval
  • CRF
  • variable ratio and fixed ratio
  • VI, VR, FI, FR

Frage 115

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How do behaviour analysts measure choice?
Antworten
  • Using Maslow’s theory of motivation
  • Using concurrent schedules of reinforcement
  • Using consecutive schedules of reinforcement
  • D. None of the answers, behaviour analysts do not believe choice exists

Frage 116

Frage
Which of the following ALL affect matching?
Antworten
  • Magnitude, delay, punishment, quality, and response effort
  • Force, punishment, reinforcement, stimulus control, and motivation.
  • Response effort, delay, time of day, individual differences, and inter-response time.
  • Cumulative responses, aversive control, timing, quantity, and qualitative choice.

Frage 117

Frage
Choice...
Antworten
  • is only determined by an individual’s genetic history
  • can be used as a antecedent manipulation
  • can be used as a consequence
  • can be used as both a consequence, and an antecedent manipulation

Frage 118

Frage
In the matching law, what does Re represent?
Antworten
  • Extraneous reinforcement: that occurs outside of what we are measuring
  • External reinforcement: outside the person
  • External responses: what we can measure
  • Extraneous reinforcement: that occurs within complex schedules

Frage 119

Frage
Choice responding to an alternative can be measured by...
Antworten
  • The number of responses only
  • The discriminative stimulus
  • The number of responses or time allocated
  • The value of the schedule

Frage 120

Frage
What is the ‘take home message’ of the matching law in regards to explaining choice?
Antworten
  • Discriminative stimuli shape choices
  • Responses match reinforcers
  • Choice cannot be measured
  • Preference is more important than choice

Frage 121

Frage
Timmy’s teacher sets up a token economy to teach him to participate during carpet time. She puts a sticker on his chart every time he puts his hand up to answer a question. At the end of the day she tells him how many stickers he achieved. Identify the problem with this system
Antworten
  • Timmy should only get a sticker if he answered the question correctly
  • Stickers should never be used as tokens
  • There is no backup reinforcer
  • The teacher should not tell Timmy how many stickers he earned.

Frage 122

Frage
A token economy should always be introduced on a __ schedule and then changed to a ___ schedule of reinforcement
Antworten
  • CRF, denser
  • CRF, thinner
  • Thin, CRF
  • Thin, denser

Frage 123

Frage
Which of the following is NOT a mistake when implementing a token economy?
Antworten
  • Negotiating the backup reinforcer part way through
  • Maintaining a CRF schedule
  • Not exchanging the token economy for a backup reinforcer
  • Changing the backup reinforcer to something more reinforcing

Frage 124

Frage
Select the correct answer. Target training during animal husbandry…
Antworten
  • Punishes the animal for incorrect responses
  • Is only useful for primates and exotic animals
  • Increases animal interactions with humans
  • Decreases animal interactions with humans

Frage 125

Frage
When should you not use shaping?
Antworten
  • To teach a new behaviour
  • When you can tell or show someone how to engage in the target behaviour.
  • To increase a previously-engaged in behaviour.
  • D. To teach verbal behaviour.

Frage 126

Frage
What is the cause of superstitious behaviour?
Antworten
  • Supernatural forces
  • Concurrent schedules
  • Complex schedules
  • Adventitious reinforcement

Frage 127

Frage
Culture is transmitted...
Antworten
  • Through verbal behaviour alone
  • Through rule-governed behaviour, contingency-shaped behaviour and imitation
  • Only though contingency-shaped behaviour
  • Genetically

Frage 128

Frage
When good events occurs, we tend to attribute the cause to ________ and when negative events occur, we tend to attribute the cause to _______.
Antworten
  • Ourselves, ourselves.
  • The environment, ourselves
  • Ourselves, the environment
  • The environment, the environment

Frage 129

Frage
An S∆ signals
Antworten
  • The learner will get reinforcement for choosing the triangle
  • Reinforcement is available
  • This is a discriminate stimulus
  • Extinction

Frage 130

Frage
Find the correct answer. In the original Epstein (1984) paper…
Antworten
  • Other pigeons trained only in one of the prerequisite skills could not solve the problem
  • Jumping to peck at the banana was extinguished
  • The box being under the banana was an SD for standing on it to peck
  • All of the answers

Frage 131

Frage
What is generalisation?
Antworten
  • The occurrence of behaviour in the presence of stimuli that are similar in some way to the SD present during training
  • an increase in the likelihood of a behaviour in the presence of a stimulus or setting as a result of being reinforced in the presence of a different stimulus or setting
  • When a behaviour is influenced by reinforcement
  • none of the answers

Frage 132

Frage
Interventions based on the ______________ of behaviour are more likely to be effective.
Antworten
  • topography
  • function
  • stimuli
  • superstition

Frage 133

Frage
What is the principle of parsimony?
Antworten
  • All simple logical explanations should be ruled out experimentally before more complex explanations are considered.
  • Should always go for the most complex explanation, as that is more scientific
  • Simple explanations are usually wrong
  • Should rule out foolish explanations
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