Additional Chemistry - Topic 3: Covalent Compounds and Separation Techniques

Non-metal atoms

Metal atoms

Metal and non-metal atoms

2 electrons

Two pairs

1 pair

12 electrons

Get a full outer shell

Lose all of its neutrons

Give away all of it's electrons to other elements

Share with all it's friends to make the world a happier place

Weak forces between the molecules

Strong covalent bonds between atoms

Weak covalent bonds between atoms

Strong forces between the molecules

Many of the atoms in a giant molecule are joined together covalently throughout the whole giant molecule structure

There are more electrons in the atoms of the giant molecules which makes them negatively charged and able to conduct electricity

Giant molecules have high boiling and melting points, simple molecules have low ones

A simple molecule is made by breaking the atoms apart, a giant molecule is made by connecting atoms together manually

Cars and airplanes

Electrodes and lubricants

Roofs of houses and flooring

Soles of shoes and hair clips

Strong?

Weak?

Melting them using a bunsen burner

Placing electrodes into a sample of the substance to see if it conducts electricity as a solid, liquid or aqueous solution

Timing how long it takes the substance to dissolve in water

When two liquids are mixed together and form distinct separate layers

When liquids are mixed together and stay mixed together

When liquids turn to carbon dioxide when placed together

When liquids turn to a gas when they have been placed in a freezer

By using distillation or fractional distillation

By shaking them around

By using a separating tunnel

By placing them in a water bath

Steel-making

To help young children breath better

To help freeze food quickly

To put back into the air

To separate dissolved dyes used in food colourings

To check foods for additives, contaminants and other substances

To separate traces of chemicals in fires

To identify drugs

To test our blood pressure

To test for animal faeces

Distance moved by soluble substance / Distance moved by solvent

Distance moved by solvent / Distance moved by soluble substance

Distance moved by soluble substance x Distance moved by solvent

Distance moved by soluble substance + Distance moved by solvent