Earth System Science 80 Part 1 (Lectures 1- 15)

Question

Which of the following is not a subcomponent of the Earth system

Answer 1

Cryosphere

Answer 2

Atmosphere

Answer 3

Hydrosphere

Answer 4

Lithosphere

Answer 5

Asthenosphere

Answer 6

Energy and matter

Answer 7

Can be found on different scales

Answer 8

Have limits

Answer 9

Are associated with processes

Answer 10

Energy cant be created or destroyed, and transfer is never 100%

Answer 11

Dynamic equilibrium

Answer 12

Quasi equilibrium

Answer 13

Equifinality

Answer 14

Relaxation time

Answer 15

Dynamic equilibrium

Answer 16

Quasi equilibrium

Answer 17

Equifinality

Answer 18

Relaxation time

Answer 19

The time taken to reach equilibrium during the change form one equilibrium state to another

Answer 20

The transition from one state to the system to another

Answer 21

Extreme heat from magma

Answer 22

Extreme pressure from tectonic plates

Answer 23

Both heat (magma) and pressure (tectonic plates)

Answer 24

Sedimentary (clastic and chemical)

Answer 25

Igneous (intrusive and extrusive)

Answer 26

Metamorphic (contact, regional and dynamic)

Answer 27

Absolute (radiometric) dating

Answer 28

Relative age dating

Answer 29

Analysis of ice cores

Answer 30

Super-positioning

Answer 31

Horizontality

Answer 32

Crosscutting

Answer 33

Faunal succession

Answer 34

Geological lapping

Answer 35

Direct sampling

Answer 36

Indirect sampling

Answer 37

Seismic methods

Answer 38

All of the above

Answer 39

Oceanic crust

Answer 40

Continental crust

Answer 41

Right/left lateral faults

Answer 42

Dip slip faults

Answer 43

Stick slip faults (elastic rebound)

Answer 44

Conservative and constructive

Answer 45

Conservative and destructive

Answer 46

Constructive and destructive

Answer 47

Only conservative

Answer 48

At all plate boundaries

Answer 49

Deepening and filling of basins were caused by crustal contraction and the Earth's heat crushed and folded land forming mountain chains

Answer 50

Considered all continents drifted away from a single large landmass; ideas largely dismissed by scientific community until late 1950s

Answer 51

Continental fit

Answer 52

Geological fit

Answer 53

Tectonic fit

Answer 54

Palaeoclimatic evidence

Answer 55

Palaeontological evidence

Answer 56

All of the above

Answer 57

Continental fit

Answer 58

Geological fit

Answer 59

Tectonic fit

Answer 60

Palaeoclimatic evidence

Answer 61

Palaeontological evidence

Answer 62

Paleaomagnetic evidence

Answer 63

Palaeoclimatic evidence

Answer 64

Palaeontological evidence

Answer 65

Tectonic evidence

Answer 66

Continents moved through oceanic crust, like an icebreaker

Answer 67

Thermal convection currents in the mantle moved the continents

Answer 68

Magnetic field of the earth caused the (magnetic) continental crust to move

Answer 69

Thermoremnant magnetisation: when the high temperature of the material (magma) allows the atoms to align to the same magnetic direction as the Earth's dipole with ease

Answer 70

Detrital remnant magnetisation: when magma cools (igneous rock) its atoms might align to the same direction as the Earth's dipole, at that time because the temperature is suffice to allow for realignment

Answer 71

Chemical remnant magnetisation: during a chemical reaction, heat might be given out, and atoms can realign to the Earth's dipole at that time

Answer 72

The magnetic dipole of the Earth is fixed throughout time and atomic dipoles are only induced when there is sufficient heat

Answer 73

They provide evidence for continental drift

Answer 74

Enables rocks in different areas to be correlated with each other

Answer 75

Can explain presence of rock types, that were formed in different climates, in the same area

Answer 76

All of the above

Answer 77

How the continents could actually move- mechanism

Answer 78

Enabled us to record the Earth's dipole through time because horizontal strips preserve the dipole of Earth over specific time period

Answer 79

Both of the above

Answer 80

Convection currents in the mantle

Answer 81

Ridge push and slab pull

Answer 82

Hotspot and plume theory

Answer 83

Continental drift

Answer 84

Apparent polar wondering paths

Answer 85

Sea-floor spreading

Answer 86

Extension that permits rise of partial melt from the asthenosphere

Answer 87

Mantle plumes that convectively bring unusually hot mantle from the core-mantle boundary

Answer 88

There is a debate over which one is true (perhaps both are factors)

Answer 89

Due to magma buoyancy: the hot magma is less dense that the crustal rock and therefore is rises to the surface; heat source is from radioactive decay, mantle convection and residual from cooling of the earth

Answer 90

Gases (volatiles): come out of solution at shallow depths and decrease the density of magma allowing it to rise faster; bubble formation is called vesiculation. Bubbles can join up and become a stream of gas with blobs of magma in it- called fragmentation.

Answer 91

Gases (volatiles) can get trapped in the viscous magma, this speeds up flow towards the surface (increases pressure) and paid expansion at the vent causes an explosive eruption

Answer 92

Magma recharge is required to keep feeding a volcanic eruption/magma chamber

Answer 93

All of the answers in combination cause volcanoes to erupt

Answer 94

Subduction zones- shield thin [basalt] volcanoes (effusive)

Answer 95

Intra-plate hotspots

Answer 96

Destructive plate boundaries- composite thick felsic [rhyolite] volcanos (explosive)

Answer 97

At all of the above

Answer 98

Magmatic - related to magma or magmatic gases; classification dependent on explosivity and column height or type-behaviour

Answer 99

Hydrovolcanic - eruptions generated by heating of water external to magma

Answer 100

Phreatic - dry-land steam blast eruptions, no magma erupted

Answer 101

Phreatomagmatic - partially hydrovolcanic and partially phreatic

Answer 102

Blocks/bombs| over 64mm

Answer 103

Lapilli | under 64 mm

Answer 104

Volcanic ash | under 2 mm

Answer 105

Volcanic dust | under 0.063 mm

Answer 106

Volcanic micro-cloud | under 0.000064 mm

Answer 107

A more energetic and dilute mixture of searing gas and rock fragments. Move easily up and over ridges; flows ten to follow valleys

Answer 108

High-speed avalanches of hot ash, rock fragments, and gas move down the sides of volcano during explosive eruptions or when the steep edge of a dome breaks apart and collapses. Can reach over 800 degrees and move at 100-150 mph

Answer 109

Do not effect

Answer 110

They poorly define volcanoes and are subjective

Answer 111

It measures the height of eruption column and degree of explosivity

Answer 112

Intermediate

Answer 113

By continental collision (destructive plate boundary) when the Indian plate moved northwards into the Eurasian plate

Answer 114

By continental collision (on a transition plate boundary) when the Indian plate formed a dip fault with the Eurasian plate

Answer 115

Land uplift and creation of relief- encouraged high chemical/physical weathering and river downcutting

Answer 116

Sediment fills of more than 3km thick gravels deposited in fault-controlled sedimentary basins

Answer 117

Drainage pattern of the Brahmaputra river - drainage was diverted by rising mountains

Answer 118

All of these

Answer 119

Wind blown silt deposits, yellow to grey in colour, grains are angular, sediment comprises of: quartz, feldspar, mica and clay minerals bound together with a calcareous cement

Answer 120

Region immediately south east of the Tibetan Plateau

Answer 121

Mechanical weathering of metamorphic rocks

Answer 122

Chemical weathering of metamorphic rocks

Answer 123

Glacial grinding

Answer 124

Frost action

Answer 125

Fluvial erosion

Answer 126

All of the above

Answer 127

Strong winter monsoon = coarser sediments, higher sedimentation rates

Answer 128

Strong winter monsoon = finer sediments, lower sedimentation rates

Answer 129

Loess sequences contain buried soils (palaeosols), these sequences can't be dated and are, therefore, not used in geomagnetic polarity

Answer 130

The third pole

Answer 131

The major source

Answer 132

Asia's north pole

Answer 133

Danny Driver

Answer 134

Processes of the breakdown of rocks and minerals in situ (in place)

Answer 135

Process of breakdown of rocks and minerals and the transport of the products

Answer 136

Heating, cooling, chemical reactions, circulation of air/water (weathering)

Answer 137

Loading and interaction with the outside environment (erosion)

Answer 138

Forces that act to pull a rock apart- tensile (cracking), compressive (squashing), shear (sliding) plus gravity

Answer 139

Forces that act to keep a rock together- atomic, chemical, cohesion and friction

Answer 140

Where rocks break down into smaller compenents by mechanical processes (e.g. pressure, temperature, ice salt crystal growth; frost shattering, granular disintegration, exfoliation)

Answer 141

Break down of chemical bonds holding rocks together, or a process that causes changes in the composition of minerals within rocks (solution, hydrolysis, oxidation and reduction, carbonation plus biological processes- enhance chemical weathering by production of organic acids

Answer 142

For a given sediment grain size, air needs to be travelling more quickly than water in order to facilitate transport

Answer 143

Air is more efficient at sediment sorting than water

Answer 144

Airflow is affected by air temperature (cold air is able to carry sediment more easily than warm air because it is more dense)

Answer 145

All of the above

Answer 146

Descending air, low precipitation, low vegetation and high chemical/mechanical weathering

Answer 147

Ascending air, low precipitation, low vegetation and low chemical/mechanical weathering

Answer 148

Cold deserts

Answer 149

Hot deserts

Answer 150

General term describing all the processes by which sediment is moved by wind

Answer 151

Minimum wind speed needed to move a sediment grain of a certain size

Answer 152

The minimum wind speed needed to move a particular grain that is already in motion

Answer 153

The minimum wind speed needed to move a particular grain that is stationary

Answer 154

Wind speed

Answer 155

Wind direction

Answer 156

Sediment availability

Answer 157

Vegetation cover

Answer 158

Temperature

Answer 159

Carbon dioxide concentrations

Answer 160

Where capacity for transport is lower than sediment supply

Answer 161

Where capacity for transport is higher than supply

Answer 162

Sand dune size increases in this order: ripples, dunes, mega-dunes, sand seas)

Answer 163

Dunes may be superimposed on one another

Answer 164

Dunes are always fixed (stable) and never free (unstable)

Answer 165

Dunes can be active at the present time or relict (inactive)

Answer 166

Presence or size of dunes can indicate climate changes

Answer 167

Barchan dune (flat landscape, one direction wind, little or no vegetation, limited sand supply

Answer 168

Longitudinal dune (when barchan dunes join together and form ridges perpendicular to the wind direction; sand supply is abundant)

Answer 169

Star dunes (controls include wind strength, vegetation cover and sediment supply- this controls all dunes)

Answer 170

Parabolic dune (strong winds erode section of vegetated sand a.k.a. blowout- vegetation hold the 'arms' of the dunes in place as the leeward 'nose' of the dune migrates forward)

Answer 171

Sand dunes all over the place

Answer 172

Strong winds

Answer 173

Sand dunes present

Answer 174

Loose sediment located on lee-sides of boulders

Answer 175

Presence of ventifacts

Answer 176

All of the above

Answer 177

There is or has been air flow

Answer 178

There is presence of water

Answer 179

Desertification is a long-term process, whereas drought/aridification is short term

Answer 180

Desertification is directly related to human activity (e.g. overgrazing, over-cultivation, deforestation, salinisation)

Answer 181

Desertification does no affect semiarid areas, whereas drought/aridification are important processes that affect semi-arid areas

Answer 182

Aggregates of fine particles

Answer 183

Small weathered rock fragments

Answer 184

Organic matter in soil

Answer 185

Soil water which helps translocation of chemical constituents and fine particles through the soil

Answer 186

Air 45%, water 25%, mineral particles 25%, organic matter 5%

Answer 187

Organic matter 45%, water 25%, mineral particles 25%, air 5%

Answer 188

Mineral particles 45%, water 25%, air 25%, organic matter 5%

Answer 189

Hydroscopic water (held atomically to mineral grains)

Answer 190

Capillary water (free water that can move in any direction)

Answer 191

Gravitational water (moves only downwards under gravity)

Answer 192

All of the above

Answer 193

Texture, structure, chemistry and colour

Answer 194

Texture, smell, grain size and colour

Answer 195

Absorption ability, atomic structure, chemical composition, colour

Answer 196

Horizon- zone of plant/organic life

Answer 197

Organic horizon- zone of decomposition of non-organic matter

Answer 198

Topsoil- zone of leaching/eluviation

Answer 199

Subsoil- zone of accumulation illuviation

Answer 200

Regolith- zone of parent material

Answer 201

Leaching: where anions, formed from the breakdown of humans, attach to clay particles, and are then replaced by H+ ions; which are washed through soil and redeposited in the subsoil

Answer 202

Eluviation: translocation of fine particles downwards in the soil profile in regolith zone

Answer 203

The rate of H+ translocation down soil is a measure of the organic matter, and therefore potential fertility, there is in the soil (cation exchange capacity)

Answer 204

Mundane dips

Answer 205

Mushy chips

Answer 206

Munsell dips

Answer 207

Munsell chips

Answer 208

Climate- weathering, ecosystems and vegetation type

Answer 209

Wind speed and direction

Answer 210

Parent material

Answer 211

Topography (and slope)

Answer 212

Soil organisms

Answer 213

Podzols (acidic, strongly leached, low in nutrients= boreal- white/grey horizon)

Answer 214

Laterites (humid sub/tropics, high chemical weathering and leaching, low organic matter, high eluviation, deep soil, deep red in colour)

Answer 215

Gleys (waterlogged soils, high clay content, blue/grey in colour)

Answer 216

Calcified (arid areas, gentle leaching and eluviation, light soil colour)

Answer 217

Salinised (salt accumulation, upwards translocation)

Answer 218

Conservation (shallow/contour ploughing, high vegetation cover, mulching, fallowing, intercropping)

Answer 219

Rainfall and run-off factors

Answer 220

Soil properties, vegetation type, topography and land-use practices

Answer 221

translocation

Answer 222

eluviation

Answer 223

surface vegetation cover

Answer 224

parent material

Answer 225

contour ploughing

Answer 226

Slope angle

Answer 227

Weathering and climate

Answer 228

Water content

Answer 229

Vegetation cover

Answer 230

Overloading

Answer 231

All of the above

Answer 232

The material strength and cohesion of the sediment on the slope

Answer 233

The internal friction of the slope

Answer 234

Both of the above could be used

Answer 235

Mixtures of particles of different sizes, plus water/ice that cohesively move down a slope; rate determined by viscosity e.g. sandrun

Answer 236

Movement of intact blocks along planes of weakness e.g. avalanche slide

Answer 237

Individual detached blocks e.g. rubble fall

Answer 238

Generally viscous material moving down slope in a creep process e.g. frost heave - periglacial

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Earth System Science 80 Part 1 (Lectures 1- 15)

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