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BIOSCI101 Evolution - Lecture 7

Eilidh Young 13 Fragen

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  1. 1[blank_start]Taxonomy[blank_end] is the discipline of naming and classifying (grouping) organisms.
    1. ATaxonomy
    2. BPhylogeny
  2. 2Linnaeus classified species into a hierarchy of increasingly broader categories i.e. families, orders, classes, phyla, kingdoms and domains.
    1. ARichtig
    2. BFalsch
  3. 3The placement of species into orders, classes and so on always reflects evolutionary history
    1. ARichtig
    2. BFalsch
  4. 4TAXONOMY AND SYSTEMATICS

    These words have a similar history: over time these have been used as synonyms, as overlapping or as complementary terms.

    In today's usage, [blank_start]taxonomy[blank_end] deals with discovering, describing and naming organisms. [blank_start]Systematics[blank_end] deals with the phylogenetic relationships between taxa, especially at the higher levels.

    Todays systematics is greatly influenced by DNA data from nuclear, mitochondrial and chloroplast genes – [blank_start]molecular[blank_end] systematics.
    1. Ataxonomy
    2. Bsystematics
    3. CSystematics
    4. DTaxonomy
    5. Emolecular
  5. 5The evolutionary history of a group of organism can be represented in a branching diagram call a phylogenetic tree.
    1. ARichtig
    2. BFalsch
  6. 6HOW TO INTERPRET A PHYLOGENETIC TREE

    A phylogenetic tree represents a hypothesis about [blank_start]evolutionary[blank_end] relationships. Phylogenetic trees show the pattern of descent [blank_start]not[blank_end] phenotypic similarity. The sequencing of branching in a tree [blank_start]does not[blank_end] necessarily indicate the actual ([blank_start]absolute[blank_end]) age of the particular taxon. Unless specific information about what the branch lengths in a phylogenetic tree means – we should interpret the diagram solely in terms of its pattern. It [blank_start]should not[blank_end] be assumed that a taxon on a phylogenetic tree evolved from the taxon next to it.     Bild zu Frage 6
    1. Aevolutionary
    2. Bgenetic
    3. Cecological
    4. Dnot
    5. Eand
    6. Fdoes not
    7. Gdoes
    8. Habsolute
    9. Irelative
    10. Jshould not
    11. Kshould
  7. 7CHARACTERS AND CHARACTER STATES

    Phylogenetic [blank_start]reconstruction[blank_end] is based on the analysis of characters and changes in character states (presence / absence or [blank_start]modifications[blank_end]). [blank_start]Characters[blank_end] can be m[blank_start]orphological[blank_end], b[blank_start]ehavioural[blank_end] or molecular and need to have a shared ancestry -
    [blank_start]homologous[blank_end]. A potential source of confusion when constructing a phylogenetic tree is similarity between organisms that is due to convergence – [blank_start]analogy[blank_end]. Shared ancestral ([blank_start]primitive[blank_end]) characteristics are inherited with little / no change from an ancestors. Shared derived characters are those that have undergone [blank_start]recent[blank_end] change and may be found only in closely related species.
    1. Areconstruction
    2. Bmodifications
    3. CCharacters
    4. Dorphological
    5. Eehavioural
    6. Fhomologous
    7. Ganalogy
    8. Hprimitive
    9. Irecent
  8. 8Sequences alignment is necessary to determine molecular homology. In organisms that have very different sequences and are not closely related, the bases that they share may simply be coincidental matches – molecular homoplasies.

    Label these two scenarios accordingly.     Bild zu Frage 8
    1. Amolecular homology
    2. Bmolecular analogy
  9. 9Which one of the following statements about cladistics is FALSE?
    1. ACladistics is a methods for inferring phylogeny.
    2. BIn cladistics, ancestry is the primary criterion used to classify (group) organisms.
    3. CCladistics represents relationships as a series of branching events, that are determined by shared derived characters.
    4. DCladistics includes overall similarities (ancestral characteristics).
    5. EA clade is a group which includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants.
    6. FCladistics emphasises monophyletic classification, that is, every grouping should consist only of organisms descended from a common ancestor.
  10. 10Label each of these three scenarios on a phylogenetic tree.

    NOTE: paraphyletic does not include all descendants of the common ancestor; polyphyletic does not include the most recent common ancestor of its members.     Bild zu Frage 10
    1. AMonophyletic group clade
    2. BParaphyletic group
    3. CPolyphyletic group

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Beschreibung
Stage I The University of Auckland BIOSCI 101 Quiz am BIOSCI101 Evolution - Lecture 7, erstellt von Eilidh Young am 20/06/2017.
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English
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