Russian Revolution

Frage	Antworten
Opponents of the Tsar and their aims	Cadets: more democratic government SR: radical, violent, wanted revolution Socialist Democratic Party: ->Mensheviks: Marxism, slow, peaceful ->Bolsheviks: Lenin, revolution
1904	Russo-Japanese War, launched to gain support -> failed, ended late 1905
Bloody Sunday	22 January 1905, Winter Palace, 200'000 protesters, petition to Tsar, soldiers attacked
Potemkin Mutiny	June 1905, battleship, due to rotten meat, army now on people's side
October Manifesto	established Duma, right to free speech, right to form political parties, meanwhile Tsar made peace w/ Japan and brought back troops to crush revolution
Stolypin	Prime Minister, appointed in 1906, carrot and stick approach, assassinated in 1911, Tsar felt threatened by him
Carrot and Stick approach	carrot: kulaks allowed to buy land -> prosperous, big farms, increased production stick: brutal treatment of opposing forces
Rasputin	Healer using hypnosis, Tsar's son, gave advice to Tsarina and Tsar, people doubted Tsar's sovereignty -> controlled by Rasputin, murdered 1916
First World War	1914, army was short on everything, poorly led, Tsar himself commander-in-chief, great losses, poor goods transport (railway)
Marxism	power first from aristocracy to middle class, then from middle class to workers, in the end no government, communism
February ( / March) Revolution	7 March 1917, huge strike started, International Women's Day, industry was at a standstill, Provisional Government + Petrograd Soviet, 15 March abdication of Tsar
Provisional Government	former Duma, vs Petrograd Soviet, Kerensky as member and later head, war effort failed -> desertions while farmers at home took land, steadily losing power
Lenin	Bolshevik leader, "Peace, Land and Bread", died in 1924 of strokes
Bolshevik Party	led by Lenin, only party demanding Russia pull out of WW1, took complete control of Russia in November 1917
Kornilov Affair	September 1917, army leader, marched troops to Petrograd to get rid of PG and Bolsheviks -> Kerensky asked Bolsheviks for help -> formed Red Guards -> Kornilov's troops refused to fight Soviets
Kerensky	head of PG, seeked for help by Bolsheviks during Kornilov Affair
July Days	1917, protests turned into a rebellion, initially Bolsheviks against it, then decided to support them, crushed by PG, Bolsheviks lost support
Red Guards	Bolshevik army, led by Leon Trotsky, later became the Red Army in civil war
October Revolution / Bolshevik Revolution	6,7,8th (November), Red Guards take control of Petrograd, then stormed Winter Palace and overthrew PG, Kerensky fled into exile -> Bolsheviks now in complete control, SFSR
Trotsky	excellent speaker for Bolsheviks, leader of Red Guards, met Lenin in exile, former Menshevik, negotiated in Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
The Whites	during the civil war, 1917-1922, any group opposed to the Bolsheviks, collection of different groups
Red Terror	during the civil war, the Bolsheviks came down violently on any (suspected) opposition and they (and the Whites) took away grain and cattle from the peasants
War Communism	during and after the civil war, government controlling all trade and industry, peasants to hand over surplus food -> peasants refused which resulted in food shortage -> terrible famine
Cheka	Bolshevik secret police, set up in 1918 during the civil war
New Economic Policy	followed War Communism, 1921, reason was Kronstadt mutiny, peasants can now sell surplus food instead of giving it away, partially brought back capitalism, some private ownership possible
Stalin	1929 leader of Communist/Bolshevik party, "Socialism in One Country", wanted to modernise the USSR, ended NEP, Five-Year Plans
Five-Year Plans	Stalin's idea, GOSPLAN > region > mine, factory etc. > foreman > shifts, individual workers
How was industrialisation achieved?	Five-Year Plans, strict goals, punishments for not meeting them, bonus for doing so, women in work force, free education, prisoners sentenced to hard labour, religion repressed
Collectivisation	1929, small farms put together to increase production, met resistance by farmers, requisition parties took food, kulaks arrested or sent to labour camps, less production due to chaos -> famine in 1932/33, millions died 1941 agricultural land collectivised
The Purges	1934, over 20 million people killed or sent to labour camps for made-up reasons
Cult of the Personality	1930s, cult of Stalin, Stalin was praised everywhere, indoctrination was common, political opponents of Stalin that had been arrested where removed from books, pictures etc.

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