10392868
| Frage | Antworten |
| Hear failure is the inability of the _____ to pump sufficient amounts of blood and oxygen to meet the ___________. | Heart. Physiological demand of the body. |
| T/F: Patient with HF may have SOB when at rest, exertion, or lying flat. | T. |
| Why might HF also be considered a pulmonary disorder? | Because the alveolar space is obstructed. |
| What are the Classifications of HF? | See cardiopulm pathology slides. |
| T/F: A patient without SOB is not having HF. | F. Might be having compensated HF. |
| When the patient is having compensated HF, he/she is most likely in class ______. | I and II |
| Which of the following are NOT triggers of HF? 1) increased intake of fluid/ salt 2) fever 3) infections 4) anemia 5) blockage of coronary artery 6) irregular heartbeats 7) hyperthyroidism 8) kidney disease | ALL are potential causes for HF. |
| Which medical tests are suggested for HF? | 1. CXR 2. lab values 3. echocardiography |
| What is chest x-ray looking at? | 1. cardiomegaly 2. pulmonary edema |
| Which lab values are indicators of oxygen transport? | 1. RBC count 2. hemoglobin |
| Which lab values look at the blood volume/ hydration? | Himatocrit |
| Which lab value looks at infection? | WBC count. |
| Which lab value looks at viscosity of blood? | Platelets (Plt) |
| Which lab value is the most important diagnostic value of CHF? | BNP (B-type natriuretic peptide) |
| Normal BNP level should be around ___. The higher it is, the ______ the HF. | Normal: around 100 pg/ml. The higher it is, the more severe the HF is. |
| Why does the renal system start to retain water when CO is not enough? | To increase blood volume. |
| Why is water retention a viscious cycle for cardiac patients? | Once water and sodium retention are increased, the cardiac performance decreases, resulting in further increase in water retention. |
| Which two lab values indicate increased water retension? | 1. increased BUN (blood urea nitrogen) 2. Increased blood creatinine level |
| How long does Troponin level peak after myocardial necrosis? | 12 hour. |
| For the patient to be stable, they should have no new ___________ or _____________ in the past 8 hours. | 1. no new episode of chest pain 2. no new abnormal rhythm or ECG changes |
| For the patient to be stable, they should not have _______ and ______ at rest. | 1. dyspnea 2. hypotension |
| For the patient to be stable, they should NOT have bilateral crackles more than _____ of the lung. | 50% |
| For the patient to be stable, their RR should be at ____/min, with CO/mass at ________, and CVP at ______ mmHg. | RR: less than 30 breaths/min cardiac index: > 2L/min/m2 central venous pressure < 12mmHg |
| Principles of CVP examination are: | Look, listen, feel. |
| If the patient has bilateral JVD, he/she is likely having ___ | HF |
| If the pitting edema lasts for <30-40 sec, the patient likely has _______. If it lasts >1min, he/she likely has ________. | If <30 - 40 sec: low albumin If >min: CHF |
| Grades of pitting edema. | |
| Normal respiratory rates in different age goups: | New born: 30 - 60 Early childhood: 20 - 40 Late childhood: 15 - 25 Adults: 14 - 20 |
| Tracheal sound is heard over the _______ while the bronchovesicular sound is heard over the _______. The vesicular sound is the normal breathing sound for general lung areas. A pathology is suggested by _____ sound. | Tracheal sound is heard over the [trachea] while the bronchovesicular sound is heard over the [sternal angle]. The vesicular sound is the normal breathing sound for general lung areas. A pathology is suggested by [bronchial] sound. |
| Locate the aortic area for auscutation. | 2nd intercostal space Right sternal border |
| Locate the pulmonic area for auscultation. | 2nd intercostal space Left sternal border |
| Locate the optimal place to hear the tricuspid valve. | 4th to 5th intercostal space lower L or R sternal border |
| Locate the optimal place to hear the bicuspid/mitral valve | 5th intercostal space midclavicular line |
| T/F: CHF is often assumed to be a disease when it, in fact, is a syndrome caused by multiple disorders. | T. |
| The causative factors of HF are _____ and ________. | Ischemia. MI secondary to ischemic heart disease. |
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