Block 4 - Security & vulnerability

Frage	Antworten
‘structural violence’	occurring when inequality becomes harmful. An example would be ‘if people are starving when this is objectively avoidable, then violence is committed’ (Galtung).
types of intergroup inequalities	economic (less access to jobs, food or other assets as a result of ownership and control); political (less access to power and control plus fewer political opportunity structures); social (discrimination in state services such as education, housing or welfare); cultural (failures in the recognition of standing based on religion, language and custom). (Stewart, 2010)
Categories constituting ‘human security’	According to the UN Development Programme’s 1994 Human Development Report - personal; environmental; political; economic; health; community
Failed state	‘can no longer perform its basic security, and development functions and … has no effective control over its territory and borders’ (according to London School of Economics (LSE) Crisis States Research Centre)
Fragile state	Collapsed states; states in conflict or recovering from conflict ; States where governments are strong but are not committed to poverty reduction; Gradually improving states (with occasional setbacks); States where development has stopped or is in decline (according to UK Department for International Development (DfID))
security dilemma	one state’s accumulation of greater military power, even if done with defensive intent, will be interpreted by others as potentially offensive, creating a threat to their security, and they will respond in kind. The result is a constant tendency in the international system towards a ‘vicious cycle of security and power accumulation’ (Herz, 1950)
limited war	war is seen as an instrument of political action, used by the leaders of states to attain identified goals, whether that be taking territory, reducing an enemy’s military power, or some other specific strategic, political, economic or cultural goal (Mann, 1987).
total war	unlimited in its goals – the aim was the complete destruction of the opponent.
nuclear warfare	rationalized in terms of deterrence – the strategy that one state’s possession of such weapons would deter another from using them, for fear of retaliation and destruction
development in reverse	civil war reduces growth by around 2.3 per cent per year. War creates refugees and increased incidence of disease, both of which continue after wars have come to an end and typically affect neighbouring countries as well. War also creates the conditions for, or even is organized around, increased crime (Collier, 2007, p. 27–8).
War as a driver of social transformation	the emergence of modern states in Europe was a profound developmental moment in modern history, laying the foundations from which the material and social transformations associated with the rise of capitalism could occur. Crucially, this change was in part driven by warfare
Features of the modern state	Territoriality; Control of the means of violence; An impersonal structure of power; The centralization and unification of administration, systems of taxation and fiscal organization; New modes of law making and enforcement (Held, 1992)
Capable state	an essential element is the ability to regulate organized violence within its borders by creating a legitimate form of government
Roles of the state	regulative role in creating ‘rules of the political game’ and a distributional role in deciding ‘who gets what, when and how’
Political power	the ability to get your favoured outcomes in whatever area of politics is under consideration
social contract theory	an approach known which aims to analyse politics as a contract between rulers and the ruled, between states and citizens, according to which the latter renounce some (or most) of their freedoms in exchange for security
Legitimacy	governments are formed and state power exercised according to the established rules of that society; the rules of society about government and the state are justifiable in terms of the values of that society; there is evidence of explicit consent to government and state power, typically, though not necessarily, through some form of voting. (Beetham, 1992)
principle of sovereignty	a state and its government have supreme authority over their territory
Conditions for humanitarian intervention	Certain conditions must be met – most commonly some agreement is reached by the warring parties that can include a request to the UN to monitor a ceasefire, peace agreement, demobilization of the fighters, and subsequent elections, as well as to provide humanitarian and reconstruction assistance
Chapter VII of the UN Charter	used to approve military actions as part of peacekeeping
Humanitarian aid	‘assistance designed to save lives, alleviate suffering and maintain and protect human dignity during and in the aftermath of emergencies’ (OECD, 2010a).
complex emergency	‘a multifaceted humanitarian crisis … where there is total or considerable breakdown of authority resulting from internal or external conflict and which requires an international response that goes beyond the mandate or capacity of any single agency and/or the ongoing UN country program’ (UN, 2003, p. 6).
coercive peacekeeping/ peacekeeping +	a right to intervene in conflicts claimed by states such as the USA
responsibility to protect	examines the issues from the viewpoint of those needing support. It becomes a shared responsibility of a state for its own citizens and of outside interveners (from International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS))
Nightingale’s risk’	the risk that humanitarian action is co-opted and actually assists a warring party or promotes war (Slim, 2001)
Negative freedom	refers to the absence of obstacles, interference or coercion (Berlin, 1969)
Positive freedom	about the possibility of acting in the world (Berlin, 1969)
Subordination	refers to the exchange in which the sovereign state limits the citizens’ liberty to act in return for protection against fear
three characteristics of protection	subordination, benevolence and masculinity (Young, 2003)
Benevolence	The state does not need to exert violence or coercion, but responds to our desire for protection.
Masculinity	Protection is imagined on the model of the household, in which ‘good’ men protect and provide for the household members
security–development nexus	a tension between human security and human development rather than simply an extension or reinforcement of one by the other
understandings of human beings implied by the category of human security	Individuals as citizens; as persons; as members of a transcendent human community with common global concerns’
food (in)security	focused on shortages in some products as part of a wider mix of dietary needs or possibly the effects of food price hikes in commodities such as meat or grain. In some developing societies, it may be essential food stuffs that are frequently in short supply, such as rice or corn, perhaps as a result of excessive exports to developed societies, causing personal suffering, economic dislocation and political conflict
risk society	while the risks and hazards generated by technological knowledge, that is, development, can be anticipated, they present problems that cannot be easily addressed and for which technical solutions on their own are likely to be inadequate (Ulrich Beck, 1992)
Vulnerability	susceptibility to injury and harm (physical and psychological), possibly even attack or wounding; openness to censure and criticism (assailable), implies some need for protection (being precarious, off-guard or exposed) and involves in some cases anticipation
Vagaries	unexpected or inexplicable changes in situations (such as vagaries of the markets or climate) or behaviour, possibly including erratic wild, capricious or unusual forms of agency such as mass migration, mass protest and economic depressions.
Vicissitudes	a hardship or difficulty associated with changeable conditions or characteristics; social and/or natural changes that can be favourable (fortune) or unfavourable (even neutral such as fluctuation and succession)
Global risks	‘environmental crises, global financial risks and terrorist threats’ (Beck, 2009)
Fear	The feeling of anxiety or apprehension that something may be dangerous or harmful, or that the unknown consequences of change may be harmful.
Security	a practice or a process through which people, governments and institutions attempt to reduce or eradicate fear, and make it manageable
Roosevelt’s ‘Four Freedoms’	freedom of speech and expression; freedom of every person to worship God in his own way; freedom from want; freedom from fear
United Nations	established in 1945 in the hope that it might be possible to prevent wars
Beveridge’s five ‘giant evils’	want, disease, ignorance, squalor and idleness
‘Greed versus Grievance’ debate	wars are largely driven by leaders, often acting out of greed for money or power, and who may keep a war going unnecessarily or be complicit in its continuation because of their profits; or civil wars start when at least one group sees no other alternative, and their solution, therefore, often lies in providing one - the grievance is usually about resources, power relations or defending and asserting an identity, with a group starting a war because they feel they are disadvantaged and can do nothing else to redress the situation (Collier et al)

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