Cognitive Neuroscience: Hemispheric Specialization

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Karteikarten am Cognitive Neuroscience: Hemispheric Specialization, erstellt von Savannah Duggan am 05/10/2017.
Savannah Duggan
Karteikarten von Savannah Duggan, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
Savannah Duggan
Erstellt von Savannah Duggan vor etwa 7 Jahre
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Commisures -medial view: large white-matter fiber tracts that connect the hemispheres -posterior: smaller pupillary light reflex, probably connects thalamus & colliculi -anterior: connects temporal lobes, including amygdala, 1/10th size of CC
Corpus Callosum Homotopic callosal fibers: connect corresponding sections of hemispheres Heterotropic: connect different areas of hemispheres, mirror ipsilateral connection Callosal connections: ANterior (genu), Middle (body, Posterior (splenium)
Anatomical Asymmetries - Right has more volume in frontal area - left has more volume in occipital area (bends the longitudinal fissure slightly) - Lateral fissure curls up more on right side sometimes planum temporale size dif -wernicke's left: larger neuron, dendrite branches +, spaced out columns
Planum Temporale Area at centre of Wernicke's area larger left side in 65% ppl, right side 11%, 24% ppl no size difference children w/dyslexia: right enlarged
Functi onal Asymmetries ~96% people show L-hem lang dominance - right side: better spatially (3D-2D match), better perception of facial/mood, better perception of melody, memory (nonverbal material) and learning without context -left auditory system = better for vocals
Cerebral lateralization not exclusive to humans: - handedness did not evolve b/c tool use - handedness is not just human
Birds and Hemispheric Specialization visual input: solely contralateral no corpus callosum better at categorizing visual info from right eye (eg food vs nonfood) better at learning location with left eye birdsong production requires left hemisphere
Nonhuman Primates and Hemispheric Specialization - handedness, no right bias like humans - right hand used more for gestures - left hemisphere better at spatial - similar to humans: left hand better at shape discrimination and right hemisphere better at facial recognition
methods of studying hemispheres separately in healthy humans Wada test dichotic listening task unilateral cortical lesions stroke patients split-brain patients
Wada Test - inject amobarbital (anesthetic) into carotid artery of one hemisphere, give language and memory tests - supports left hemisphere dominance in language
Dichotic Listening Tasks ears receive simultaeous prsentation of series of letters sung to short melody more accurate recognition of letters hear in the right ear, left advantage on melody
Unilateral Cortical Lesion compare patients w/ damage in same area in opposite hemispheres left lesions: more disruption to speaking and reading, no spontaenous expression right lesions: spatial orientation, location visual stimuli, no expression on left side of the face (right basal ganglia parkinsons)
Stroke Patients left stroke: correctly identify overall shapes, miss details right: produced only detailed info, not overall shape
Voluntary vs Spontaneous Expression - left hemisphere initiates voluntary facial expressions, signals are sent over the corpus callosum to right hem so expression is symmetrical - sponatenous expressions are intiated in the basal ganglia, either left or right
Callosotomy -last-resort epilepsy treatment since 1940s replaced by new surgeries and treatments -speaking left, nonspeaking right left biased toward self recongition, right biased toward familiar face left brain rationalizes what right is doing
common viewpoints on left v right L: analytical/sequential; R: holistic/parallel Language is sequential while spatial tasks require simultaneous processing
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