Henry VIII 1509-1529

Frage	Antworten
What did Henry VII leave his son?	* Controlled nobility * Secured dynasty (L&Y, Simnel, Warbeck) * FP focussed on alliance, not war * Stability: finances, regions, Church relationship
Consider the attitude of Henry at the start of his reign towards: nobility, marriage, FP, personality, view of kingship	Empson and Dudley, nobility friends // CoA quickly to secure alliance // claim to France // strong or weak?, renaissance // daily business
How did Henry feel about advisors at the start of his reign?	* Disliked cautious approach of father's councillors * Liked young councillors * Started to use privy chamber to make decisions more often to avoid factionalism * PC received signature and had finances split
What were the key events in the career of Thomas Wolsey?	* 1510: junior official on council * 1513: organised French expedition 1514-15: titles including Cardinal 1524: legate a latere (exercising since 1518)
What disagreements were there between Henry and Wolsey?	* 1522: French Navy invasion * 1525: Amicable Grant * 1528: Abbess in Wiltshire
Wolsey and the Church	* recognised corruption (for example in residing) * good intentions
Wolsey and society	* Recognised a need to help the poor * Enclosure commission didn't really amount to much * Court of Chancery = genuine concern for equity
Wolsey and the legal system	* Court of Chancery: equity in wills, property, trusts etc. (genuine concern) * Court of Requests * Court of Star Chamber: justice and criminal court, crusade of nobility, Wolsey sat himself, 12 to 120 cases per year
Wolsey and finance	* Parliamentary subsidy: fixed tax, more you earn the more you pay * Forced loans: raise extra revenue from nobility. used 1522-23 * Amicable Grant: (a forced loan) 1535 'friendly donation' = 10,000 men in Lavenham
Wolsey and Parliament	* wanted to dispense of services = only two parliaments held * Amicable Grant shows difficulty in raising large sums of money without parliament
Wolsey and the Nobility	* 1516: Should not see themselves as above the law: Star Chamber * Deliberately alienated rival nobles e.g. Tower without trial, bypassed of roles, 1521 Duke of Buckingham criticised Wolsey * 'Carrot and stick' * Wolsey gained a monopoly of power
Who were the leaders of Europe at the start of Henry's reign?	* FRANCE Louis XII --> Francis I 1515 * SPAIN Ferdinand --> Charles I 1516 * HRE Maximilian --> Charles V 1519 * PAPACY Julius II --> Clement VII 1523
Key events in foreign policy with France	* 1510: no reason to invade = peace treaty * April 1512: papal reason to invade, joint with Ferdinand. left Henry humiliated * 1513: Spurs = Tournai and Therouanne * 1514: Anglo-French Treaty due to finance (H suggested against Spain = angry) * 1515: Francis = H envious * 1516: France @ peace with Spain @ Noyen * 1517: HRE joined peace of Cambrai = England isolated * 1518 ToL! * 1519 France or Spain * 1520 Field of Cloth of Gold * 1521-25 England trying to remain out of war = breaking with Spain and HRE * 1524: Pavia, H didn't like power of Spain * 1525-29: Diplomatic revolution
Key events in foreign policy with Spain	* 1512: let down by Ferdinand in invasion = angry * 1516: Charles aligned with France and HRE (1517) rather than England * 1518 ToL * 1519: Charles HRE * 1520-25 English support shaky * 1524: Pavia * 1527: Sack of Rome * DIVORCE PROBLEMS
Key events with Scotland	1513: Battle of Flodden = monarch killed and nobility destroyed = Henry's sister as a regent = no problems from Scotland in this period
Treaties made as part of the Diplomatic Revolution	* Treaty of the More 1525 * Treaty of Cognac 1526 * Treaty of Westminster 1527 * Sack of Rome 1527 * Peace of Cambrai 1529
Arguments/attempts for the divorce	* Leviticus: Henry convinced due to Bessie Blount * Arthur and Catherine = no sexual relations = dispensation was invalid * Use of Anglo-French alliance to free the Pope but Charles too strong * Use of Wolsey's legate to bring court to England, prevented by Cardinal Campeggio
Wolsey's fall from power	* Failure to obtain divorce * Political enemies took opportunity to criticise him - parliament 1529 anticlerical acts * Sent to York * Died on way back to London * Boleyn anti-Wolsey propaganda
Alter Rex: arguments for	* Henry didn't engage in every day gov * Wolsey had freedom to delegate power to himself * nobility thought he was corrupt and arrogant * Wolsey's reforms never really amounted to anything
Alter Rex - arguments against	* Wolsey was low-born and worked his way up * Gained trust and responsibility through hard work * disagreements show who was in charge * Wolsey lived to serve his master * Wolsey fell from grace 8 15 year relationship * Wolsey showed incline to help improve society and justice

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