11964389
Beschreibung
Karteikarten von Grace Fawcitt, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
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Erstellt von Grace Fawcitt
vor fast 7 Jahre
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| Frage | Antworten |
| Research Methods- AS Level | Key Terms and Definitions |
| Aim | General statements that describe the purpose of an investigation e.g. 'To investigate whether drinking energy drinks makes people more talkative |
| Hypothesis- directional | Clear statement of the relationship of the two variables as stated by the aim. In terms of directional hypotheses, they state the type of change expected e.g. People who drink energy drinks will be *more* talkative than those who drink water. |
| Hypothesis- non-directional | In terms of non- directional hypotheses, they don't state the type of change expected, just that there will be a change e.g. People who drink energy drinks will differ in terms of talkativeness compared to those who drink water. |
| Hypothesis- null | In terms of null hypotheses, they state there will be no change e.g. People who drink energy drinks will be no more talkative than those who drink water |
| Independent variable | An aspect of an experiment that is manipulated so the effect on the DV can be measured e.g. control condition: drinking water, experimental condition: drinking energy drink |
| Dependent variable | The variable that is measured by the researcher. Any effect that manipulating the IV has on the DV should be noted. e.g. level of talkativeness |
| Operationalisation | Clearly defining variables in a hypthesis so they're measurable e.g. After drinking 300ml of energy drink, participants will say more words in one minute than participants who drink 300ml of water |
| Extraneous variable | Any variable other than the IV that may have an effect on the DV. They do not vary systematically with the IV e.g. age of participants |
| Confounding variable | Any variable other than the IV that may have had an effect on the DV, so we can't be sure of the source of change. They do vary systematically with the IV e.g. participant personality |
| Demand characteristics | Any cue from the researcher or situation which may inform the participant of the aim. The participant may alter their behaviour because of this. |
| Investigator effects | Any effect of the investogator's conscious or unconscious behaviour on the DV. e.g. how they interact with participants, such as smiling or leading questions |
| Randomisation | The use of chance in order to control the effects of bias when designing materials and deciding the order of conditions |
| Standardisation | Using the same formalised procedures and instructions for all participants |
| Independent Group Design | Two separate groups, with one group doing Condition A and the other group doing Condition B. The results are then compared. + No order effects or DCs. - Individual differences, expensive. |
| Repeated Measures Design | One group does both Condition A and B. The results are compared. + No individual differences, cheap. - Order effects and DCs. |
| Matched Pairs Design | One group is chosen, then another is chosen based on the first groups characteristics. One group does Condition A while the other does B. The results are compared. + No order effects or DCs. - Expensive, some individual differences. |
| Random allocation | Randomly assigning participants to different conditions to minimise researcher bias and reduce participant variables. Used in IGD and MPD. |
| Counterbalancing | An attempt to control order effects in RMD. Half the participants take part in Condition A while half do Condition B. Participant 1 does A-B, Participant 2 does B-A, hence the ABBA nickname for counterbalancing. |
| Order effects | Often a result in RMD, such as fatigue and boredom. Counterbalancing is done to minimise order effects. |
| Lab experiments | Conducted in highly controlled environments, researcher manipulates IV. + Control of EVs, high internal validity, replication. - Difficult to generalise, artificial, low mundane realism, DCs. |
| Field experiments | Conducted in natural environments, researcher manipulates IV. + High mundane realism, high external validity. - Lack of control, difficult to replicate, no consent. |
| Natural experiments | Conducted in natural or lab environments, researcher doesn't manipulate. Only IV is natural. + Provide otherwise impossible possibilities, high external validity. - Difficult to generalise, lack of random allocation (individual differences) |
| Quasi experiments | A study in which the variables simply exist e.g. age, gender + Controlled conditions. - Confounding variables. |
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