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| Frage | Antworten |
| What are the two types of immunity? | Active Passive |
| What is active immunity? | When your immune system makes its own antibodies after being stimulated by an antigen |
| What are the two types of active immunity? | Natural - when you become immune after catching a disease (e.g. measles) Artificial - when you become immune after being inoculated (given a vaccination) with a harmless dose of antigen |
| What is passive immunity? | The type of immunity you get from being given antibodies made by a different organism - your immune system does NOT produce any antibodies of its own |
| What are the two types of passive immunity? | Natural - when a baby becomes immune due to the antibodies it receives from its mother (through placenta or breast milk) Artificial - when you become immune after being injected with antibodies from someone else (e.g. collected from blood donations) |
| Compare the levels of exposure to antigens in active immunity and passive immunity | ACTIVE Requires exposure to antigen PASSIVE No exposure to antigen |
| Compare the speed of protection in active immunity and passive immunity | ACTIVE Takes a while for protection to develop PASSIVE Immediate protection |
| Compare the longevity of protection in active immunity and passive immunity | ACTIVE Protection is long-term PASSIVE Protection is short-term |
| Compare the production of memory cells in active immunity and passive immunity | ACTIVE Memory cells are produced PASSIVE Memory cells are NOT produced |
| What is an autoimmune disease? | An autoimmune disease is a disease resulting from the immune system treating self-antigens as foreign antigens and launching an immune response against the organism's own tissues. |
| TRUE OR FALSE: Autoimmune diseases are usually chronic and cannot be cured | TRUE AND FALSE Autoimmune diseases are usually chronic BUT! Although they can often be treated, they are currently incurable |
| Name two autoimmune diseases | Lupus Rheumatoid arthritis |
| Describe the cause and symptoms of lupus | CAUSE Caused by the immune system attacking cells in the connective tissues SYMPTOMS Damages the tissues and causes painful inflammation Can affect the skin and joints, as well as organs such as the heart and lungs |
| Describe the cause and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis | CAUSE Caused by the immune system attacking cells in the joints SYMPTOMS Causes pain and inflammation |
| Define vaccination | The administration of antigens (in a vaccine) into the body |
| Define immunisation | The process by which you develop immunity (vaccination causes immunisation) |
| How do vaccines work? | Vaccines contain antigens that cause the body to produce memory cells against a particular pathogen, without the pathogen causing disease. The antigens may be free or attached to a dead or attenuated (weakened) pathogen. Vaccines may be injected or taken orally. |
| What are the disadvantages of taking vaccines orally? | It could be broken down by enzymes in the gut The molecules of the vaccine may be too large to be absorbed into the blood |
| TRUE OR FALSE A vaccine only needs to be administered once for a person to remain immune for the rest of their life | FALSE Sometimes booster vaccines are given later on to make sure that more memory cells are produced |
| Why are people being vaccinated? | If most people in a community are vaccinated, the disease becomes extremely rare. This means that even people who have not been vaccinated are unlikely to get the disease, as there is no one to catch it from. This is known as herd immunity |
| Complete the sentence: Herd immunity helps to prevent ___________. |
Herd immunity helps to prevent EPIDEMICS.
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| Name two routine vaccines that are offered to everybody | MMR vaccine Meningitis C vaccine |
| What does the MMR vaccine do? | Protects against measles, mumps and rubella. The MMR is usually given to children as an injection at around a year old, and again before they start school. It contains attenuated measles, mumps and rubella viruses |
| What does the meningitis C vaccine do? | Protects against the bacteria that causes meningitis C. It is first given as an injection to babies at 3 months. Boosters are then given to 1-year olds and teenagers |
| Some vaccines may need to be changed frequently. Why? | Some pathogens can change their surface antigens (e.g. influenza virus), forming new strains. Memory cells produced from vaccination one with strain will not recognise other strains with different antigens |
| Labs collect samples of different ________ and organisations (e.g. WHO and Centre for Disease Control (CDC)) test the _____________ of different vaccines. This is an example of using science to inform ________ _________. | Labs collect samples of different STRAINS and organisations (e.g. WHO and Centre for Disease Control (CDC)) test the EFFECTIVENESS of different vaccines. This is an example of using science to inform DECISION MAKING. |
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