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| Frage | Antworten |
| What is the overall equation for aerobic respiration? | 6O₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆ --> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O |
| O₂ is known as the... | Final electron acceptor |
| What does ATP stand for? | Adenosine triphosphate |
| Describe the structure of ATP | |
| What is hydrolysis? | The chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water |
| Complete the sentence: Hydrolysis occurs when _______ is released: ATP --> _____ --> _____ --> Adenosine | Hydrolysis occurs when ENERGY is released: ATP --> ADP --> AMP --> Adenosine |
| Describe the structure of mitochondria |
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| What is the role of the intermembrane space? | The intermembrane space is a compartmentalised space where concentration gradients can be made |
| What are the 4 stages of aerobic respiration? | Glycolysis Link reaction Krebs cycle Oxidative phosphorylation |
| Where does glycolysis take place? | In the cytoplasm |
| Outline the process of glycolysis |
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| What is NAD? | A nucleic acid which acts as a coenzyme |
| What are the products of glycolysis? | 2 redNAD 2 pyruvate 2 ATP (net gain) |
| Which process are the 2 redNAD produced in glycolysis used in? | Oxidative phosphorylation |
| Which process are the 2 pyruvate produced in glycolysis used in? | Link reaction |
| Which process are the 2 ATP produced in glycolysis used in? | Used for energy |
| Where does the link reaction occur? | In the matrix of the mitochondria |
| Outline the process of the link reaction |
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| What are the products of two link reactions? | 2 acetyl coenzyme A 2 CO₂ 2 redNAD |
| Which process are the 2 acetyl coenzyme A produced in two link reactions used in? | Krebs cycle |
| Which process are the 2 CO₂ produced in two link reactions used in? | Released as waste product |
| Which process are the 2 redNAD produced in two link reactions used in? | Oxidative phosphorylation |
| Where does the Krebs cycle occur? | In the matrix of the mitochondria |
| Outline the process of the Krebs cycle |
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| What happens to the coenzyme A? | Coenzyme A is recycled between the link reaction and the Krebs cycle |
| What are the products of one Krebs cycle? | 1 coenzyme A Oxaloacetate 2 CO₂ 1 ATP 3 redNAD 1 redFAD |
| Which process is the coenzyme A produced in one Krebs cycle used in? | Reused in the next link reaction |
| Which process is the oxaloacetate produced in one Krebs cycle used in? | Regenerated for use in the next Krebs cycle |
| Which process is the CO₂ produced in one Krebs cycle used in? | Released as a waste product |
| Which process is the ATP produced in one Krebs cycle used in? | Used for energy |
| Which process is the redNAD produced in one Krebs cycle used in? | Oxidative phosphorylation |
| Which process is the redFAD produced in one Krebs cycle used in? | Oxidative phosphorylation |
| Complete the sentence: So far (in the first 3 stages of aerobic respiration), ___ ATP are produced from _________-level _______________ | So far (in the first 3 stages of aerobic respiration), 4 ATP are produced from SUBSTRATE-level PHOSPHORYLATION |
| Outline the electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation | 1. redNAD releases hydrogen by dehydrogenation 2. Each hydrogen atom is split into a H⁺ and an e⁻ 3. The electrons pass through a series of proteins embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane 4. redFAD releases hydrogen by dehydrogenation 5. The transfer of electrons from the electron carriers to the protein complex changes the shape of the protein, creating a channel that allows H⁺ to flow from the matrix to the intermembrane space 6. There is more H⁺ in the intermembrane space than the matrix 7. An electrochemical gradient is set up. This is also known as the proton-motive force 8. The electrons are passed onto the next protein complex in the inner mitochondrial membrane, causing it to be reduced while the previous one is oxidised 9. The electrons are passed onto the final protein complex, causing it to be reduced whilst the previous one is oxidised |
| Outline the process whereby ATP is synthesised by ATP synthase | 1. H⁺ in the intermembrane space move down their electrochemical gradient 2. This causes ATP synthase (in the inner mitochondrial membrane) to spin, creating enough energy to catalyse the phosphorylation of ADP to produce ATP (ADP + Pi --> ATP) 3. The H⁺ ions are released back into the matrix where it is transported into the intermembrane space again or reacted with oxygen to form water 4. oxNAD and oxFAD are recycled and used in glycolysis, the link reaction and the Krebs cycle 5. The process in which energy from a proton gradient is used to make ATP is called chemiosmosis |
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