Module 2 Lecture 2 Auditory and Vestibular

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PT569 Fundamentals of Neuroscience Karteikarten am Module 2 Lecture 2 Auditory and Vestibular, erstellt von Mia Li am 27/02/2018.
Mia Li
Karteikarten von Mia Li, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
Mia Li
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Zusammenfassung der Ressource

Frage Antworten
Location of sensory receptors In the cochlea
The bone ______ hits the _____ window and the ______ window moves in the opposite direction, caused by fluid in the cochlea. Stapes hits oval window Round window moves in opposite direction
__________ gets stretched in the fluid and is ready to displace the _______. Tectorial membrane hair cell
The crescent shaped stereocilia belong to the _________ while the straight stereocilia belong to________. Crescent: outer hair cells Straight: inner
What is the organ that encodes sound and transmits it to the brain? The cochlea
The (base/apex) of basilar membrane is tuned for higher frequencies while the (base/apex) is tuned for lower ones. Base: high freq Apex: low freq
_________ is neutral at rest. When it is excited, it moves _________, translating into ______ force on the _______ membrane and bending of the ______. [Organ of Corti] is neutral at rest. When it is excited, it moves , translating into [shear] force on the [tectorial] membrane and bending of the [stereocilia]
Longer hair cells are called ______. Shorter hair cells are called ______. Longer: kinocilia Shorter: stereocilia
_______ is lost after birth in mammals. Kinocilia
Hyperpolarization of the stereocilia is a result of _____ channel opening/closing. Therefore no activation is required. potassium and calcium channel closing
Depolarization of the stereocilia is a result of _____ channel opening/closing, resulting in a _______. potassium and calcium channel opening resulting in action potential in its afferent nerve.
The mapping of sound is called ______. tonotopy
The auditory nerve synapse in the ________ before entering the cortex. The 2 deg neuron terminates in the _____ area of the cortex. synapse: medial geniculate complex of the thalamus 2nd deg neuron terminates in the primary auditory cortex.
In the primary auditory cortex, the (anterior/posterior) region corresponds to apex of cochlea, while the (anterior/ posterior) region corresponds to the base of cochlea. Anterior: apex (low frequency) Posterior: base (high frequency)
The key component of sound localization is the difference in _______ of the sound wave between the __________. Arrival time between two sides of the head
The neurons of using time difference to distinguish location of sound are called _________. Specifically, the time difference itself is called ___________. coincidence detection neurons ITD (intertemporal delay)
Steps in coincidence detection: 1. phase-locked firing in ______ cells 2. ITD is established because the side (closer/further) to the source has more time to travel 3. specific __________ neuron is activated based on input from both sides. 4. time difference is coded. 1. bushy cells 2. closer 3. coincidence detection neuron
Where are the coincidence detection neurons located? bilateral medial superior olivary nuclei
The coincidence detection neurons only fire when ___________. Sound signal from both sides arrive at the same time.
The semicircular canals detect the _______ head motion while the ________ detect linear head motion. _______ and _______ together detect static tilt, with _____ oriented for vertical movements and ______ for horizontal movements. semicircular canal: rotary motion ampulla, utricle and saccule: linear motion saccula: vertical movements. Utricle: horizontal
After birth, kinocilia only persist in the ____________. Vestibular system.
When stereocilia drift towards kinocilia, (depolarization/hyperpolrization) happens, and vice versa. depolarization.
Name the layers of substances in the macula from top down topmost: otoconia --> otolithic membrane (gelatinous layer) --> reticular membrane --> hair cells --> supporting cells
Function of otoconia? adjust the weight of the otolithic membranes to give a good balance between sensitivity to acceleration and static tilt.
T/F: high viscosity otolithic membrane is good at detecting static tilt because it comes to rest very fast. F. I does come to rest very fast. Hence it is better at detecting acceleration.
looser tilter thick accelerate. low viscosity = better at detecting tilt high viscosity = better at detecting acceleration
Backward head tilt can produce similar otholitic movement as ___________. forward acceleration
T/F: at rest, the vestibular nerves are not firing. F. always have a baseline firing rate
T/F: hair cell in the canals only detect acceleration/ deceleration, but not constant velocity. T.
The vestibular nerves enters the medulla after passing through the _____ ganglion. It then go to _______ nucleus and the ______ nucleus. Scarpa's ganglion. Abducens nucleus oculomotor nucleus
When you turn your head to your R, the firing rate of (L/R) scarpa's ganglion increases. R.
The second- degree (excitatory/inhibitory) neurons decussate at the medulla and synapses at contralateral abducens nucleus. Excitatory.
Another decussation happens at the _________ through which the 3rd degree neurons enter the oculomotor nucleus. medial longitudinal fasciculus
abducens excitatory decussate (once/twice) Once
oculomotor excitatory neuron decussate (once/twice). twice
During postural sway, smaller angles are controlled by _________ while larger angles are controlled by ________. smaller angle: proprioception and somatosensory Larger angle: vestibular
The cat with transectioned spine demonstrates that ___________. Higher CNS centers (brainstem) are required for postural control.
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