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| Frage | Antworten |
| Location of sensory receptors | In the cochlea |
| The bone ______ hits the _____ window and the ______ window moves in the opposite direction, caused by fluid in the cochlea. | Stapes hits oval window Round window moves in opposite direction |
| __________ gets stretched in the fluid and is ready to displace the _______. | Tectorial membrane hair cell |
| The crescent shaped stereocilia belong to the _________ while the straight stereocilia belong to________. | Crescent: outer hair cells Straight: inner |
| What is the organ that encodes sound and transmits it to the brain? | The cochlea |
| The (base/apex) of basilar membrane is tuned for higher frequencies while the (base/apex) is tuned for lower ones. | Base: high freq Apex: low freq |
| _________ is neutral at rest. When it is excited, it moves _________, translating into ______ force on the _______ membrane and bending of the ______. | [Organ of Corti] is neutral at rest. When it is excited, it moves , translating into [shear] force on the [tectorial] membrane and bending of the [stereocilia] |
| Longer hair cells are called ______. Shorter hair cells are called ______. | Longer: kinocilia Shorter: stereocilia |
| _______ is lost after birth in mammals. | Kinocilia |
| Hyperpolarization of the stereocilia is a result of _____ channel opening/closing. Therefore no activation is required. | potassium and calcium channel closing |
| Depolarization of the stereocilia is a result of _____ channel opening/closing, resulting in a _______. | potassium and calcium channel opening resulting in action potential in its afferent nerve. |
| The mapping of sound is called ______. | tonotopy |
| The auditory nerve synapse in the ________ before entering the cortex. The 2 deg neuron terminates in the _____ area of the cortex. | synapse: medial geniculate complex of the thalamus 2nd deg neuron terminates in the primary auditory cortex. |
| In the primary auditory cortex, the (anterior/posterior) region corresponds to apex of cochlea, while the (anterior/ posterior) region corresponds to the base of cochlea. | Anterior: apex (low frequency) Posterior: base (high frequency) |
| The key component of sound localization is the difference in _______ of the sound wave between the __________. | Arrival time between two sides of the head |
| The neurons of using time difference to distinguish location of sound are called _________. Specifically, the time difference itself is called ___________. | coincidence detection neurons ITD (intertemporal delay) |
| Steps in coincidence detection: 1. phase-locked firing in ______ cells 2. ITD is established because the side (closer/further) to the source has more time to travel 3. specific __________ neuron is activated based on input from both sides. 4. time difference is coded. | 1. bushy cells 2. closer 3. coincidence detection neuron |
| Where are the coincidence detection neurons located? | bilateral medial superior olivary nuclei |
| The coincidence detection neurons only fire when ___________. | Sound signal from both sides arrive at the same time. |
| The semicircular canals detect the _______ head motion while the ________ detect linear head motion. _______ and _______ together detect static tilt, with _____ oriented for vertical movements and ______ for horizontal movements. | semicircular canal: rotary motion ampulla, utricle and saccule: linear motion saccula: vertical movements. Utricle: horizontal |
| After birth, kinocilia only persist in the ____________. | Vestibular system. |
| When stereocilia drift towards kinocilia, (depolarization/hyperpolrization) happens, and vice versa. | depolarization. |
| Name the layers of substances in the macula from top down | topmost: otoconia --> otolithic membrane (gelatinous layer) --> reticular membrane --> hair cells --> supporting cells |
| Function of otoconia? | adjust the weight of the otolithic membranes to give a good balance between sensitivity to acceleration and static tilt. |
| T/F: high viscosity otolithic membrane is good at detecting static tilt because it comes to rest very fast. | F. I does come to rest very fast. Hence it is better at detecting acceleration. |
| looser tilter thick accelerate. | low viscosity = better at detecting tilt high viscosity = better at detecting acceleration |
| Backward head tilt can produce similar otholitic movement as ___________. | forward acceleration |
| T/F: at rest, the vestibular nerves are not firing. | F. always have a baseline firing rate |
| T/F: hair cell in the canals only detect acceleration/ deceleration, but not constant velocity. | T. |
| The vestibular nerves enters the medulla after passing through the _____ ganglion. It then go to _______ nucleus and the ______ nucleus. | Scarpa's ganglion. Abducens nucleus oculomotor nucleus |
| When you turn your head to your R, the firing rate of (L/R) scarpa's ganglion increases. | R. |
| The second- degree (excitatory/inhibitory) neurons decussate at the medulla and synapses at contralateral abducens nucleus. | Excitatory. |
| Another decussation happens at the _________ through which the 3rd degree neurons enter the oculomotor nucleus. | medial longitudinal fasciculus |
| abducens excitatory decussate (once/twice) | Once |
| oculomotor excitatory neuron decussate (once/twice). | twice |
| During postural sway, smaller angles are controlled by _________ while larger angles are controlled by ________. | smaller angle: proprioception and somatosensory Larger angle: vestibular |
| The cat with transectioned spine demonstrates that ___________. | Higher CNS centers (brainstem) are required for postural control. |
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