Family Therapy

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family therapy	Family therapy is psychotherapeutic treatment of the family to bring about better psychological functioning.
family system therapy	Family systems therapy is a type of family therapy that concentrates on the interactions of family members and views the entire family as a unit or system
Communication Patterns in Families with Members Having Symptoms of Schizophrenia Double bind	person receives two related but contradictory messages. One message may be relatively clear, the other message unclear (often nonverbal), creating a “no-win” paradox.
Marital schism	parents preoccupied with their own problems tended to undermine the worth of the other parent by competing for sympathy and support from the children.
 Marital skew	the psychological disturbance of one parent tends to dominate the home.
Pseudomutuality	there is an appearance of open relationships that serves to conceal distant relationships within the family
General System Theory	each family is a part of a larger system, a neighbourhood, which is again a part of a larger system, a town, and so forth Important concepts includes; feedback and homeostasis.
Bowen’s Intergenerational Approach	Murray Bowen’s (1913–1990) Early work was done with children with schizophrenia and their families at the Menninger Clinic. family’s emotional system and the history of this system as it may be traced through the family dynamics of the parents’ families and even grandparents’ families.
Theory of Family Systems	based on the individual’s ability to differentiate his own intellectual functioning from feelings. concept is applied to family processes and the ways that individuals project their own stresses onto other family members.
Eight concepts form the core a) Differentiation of self	Being able to differentiate one’s intellectual processes from one’s feeling processes represents a clear differentiation of self. When thoughts and feelings are not distinguished, fusion occurs
b) Triangulation:	When there is stress between two people in a family, they may be likely to bring another member in to dilute the anxiety or tension, which is called triangulation.
c) Nuclear family emotional systems	The family as a system—that is, the nuclear family emotional system—is likely to be unstable unless members of the family are each well differentiated.
d) Family projection process	When there are relatively low levels of differentiation in the marriage partners, they may project their stress onto one child
e) Emotional cut-off	When children receive too much stress because of over involvement in the family, they may try to separate themselves from the family through emotional cut-off.
f) Multigenerational transmission process	the functioning of grandparents, great-grandparents, great-aunts, great-uncles, and other relatives may play an important role in the pathology of the family.
g) Sibling position	birth order had an impact on the functioning of children within the family. Relying on the work of Toman (1961), he believed that the sibling position of marriage partners would affect how they perform as parents
h) Societal regression	Just as families can move toward undifferentiating or toward individuation, so can societies. If there are stresses on societies, they are more likely to move toward undifferentiating
Techniques of Bowen’s Family Therapy evaluation interview Genograms	The genogram is a method of diagramming families and includes significant information about families, such as ages, sex, marriage dates, deaths, and geographical locations
Interpretation	Information from genograms is often interpreted to family members so that they can understand dynamics within the family.
Detriangulation	bowen tried to seperate parts by worked with them on ways to develop strategies to deal with the impact of their own emotional stress on the identified patient or other family member.
Structural Family Therapy	family members differ in the power they have , the ways family members work together are indications of the degree of flexibility or rigidity within the family structure. Minuchin uses concepts such as boundaries, alignments, and coalitions to explain family systems
Family structure	structure of the family refers to the rules that have been developed over the years to determine who interacts with whom. Within the family system are subsystems that also have their own rules.
Boundary permeability	it describes the type of contact that members within family systems and subsystems have with each other. A highly permeable boundary would be found in enmeshed families, whereas non permeable or rigid boundaries would be found in disengaged families
Alignments and coalitions	Alignments refer to the ways that family members join with each other or oppose each other in dealing with an activity. Coalitions refer to alliances between family members against another family member
Goals of Structural Family Therapy	structural family therapists try to alter coalitions and alliances to bring about change in the family They also work to establish boundaries within the family that are neither too rigid nor too flexible
Techniques of Structural Family Therapy• Family mapping	Maps of family interaction allow therapists to better understand repeated dysfunctional behaviour so that strategies for modification can be applied
Accommodating and joining	Minuchin (1974) believes that it is important to join a family system and accommodate to its way of interacting. By using the same type of language and telling amusing stories relevant to the family, he seeks to fit in.
Enactment	By instructing the family to act out a conflict, the therapist work with problems as they appear in the present. This allows the therapist to understand the family’s coalitions and alliances and then to make suggestions for changing the family system
Intensity	Intensity can be achieved in enactment by having the family draw out an interaction or repeat it. As the therapist becomes familiar with the family’s style of interacting and its boundaries, more suggestions for change develop
Changing boundaries	the therapist uses boundary marking to note boundaries in the family. To change boundaries, therapists may rearrange the seating of the family members and change the distance between them
Reframing	The therapist may wish to give a different explanation so that a constructive change can occur in a family situation.
Strategic Therapy	attention given by strategic family therapists to symptoms. For strategic therapists, the symptom is often a metaphor for a way of feeling or behaving within the family Contained in a metaphorical message are an explicit element (such as “my stomach hurts”) and an implicit element (“I feel neglected”
Techniques of Strategic Family Therapy(a) Straightforward tasks	When tasks are assigned, they should be relatively easy to accomplish, clearly explained, and fit the ability level of the children as well as the adults who will complete the task
b)Paradoxical tasks	paradoxical suggestions are those that ask the family to continue the behaviour for which they are requesting help, but in such a way that whether they comply or not, positive change will result
The Experiential Therapy of Carl Whitaker	Carl Whitaker (1912–1995) saw theory as a hindrance in clinical work and preferred an intuitive approach - Use of countertransference (his own reactions to clients -listened for impulses and symbols of unconscious behaviour
The Humanistic Approach of Virginia Satir	attended to feelings of family members and worked with them on day-to-day functioning and their own emotional experiences in the family. - focused on developing a sense of strength and self-worth and bringing flexibility into family situations to initiate change
Five styles of relating with family	1. The placate, weak and tentative, always agreeing; 2. The blamer, finding fault with others; 3. The superreasonable, detached, calm, and unemotional; 4. The irrelevant, distracting others and not relating to family processes; and 5. The congruent communicator, genuinely expressive, real, and open
indivisual therpies applied to family therapy 1.psychoanalysis	Object relations family therapists make observations about the nurturing or caring that family members provide for each other. Interpreting past behaviour and therapeutic resistance is often a part of the repertoire of psychoanalytic family therapists.
2.adlerian therapy	teaching parents how to deal with difficulties at home. With conflict within the family, members are taught to resolve conflicts by developing mutual respect for each other, pinpointing the issue, and reaching agreement on how to handle the problem.
3. Existential therapy	focus not only on the relationship between individuals but also on the awareness that individuals have of themselves and their own being in the world
4. person centered therapy	Therapists try to understand, at the deepest possible level, the conflict between family members. Family therapists may empathize not only with individual members of the family but also with the relationship issues at hand.
5. Gestalt therapy	They observe how individuals in the family cause boundary disturbances for each other.
6. Behaviour therapy	parents apply behavioral and experimental methods to change the behavior of the identified patient
7. Rational emotive behaviour therapy	The goals of REBT for families are to help members see that they disturb themselves by their irrational beliefs. These techniques follow the A-B-C-D-E therapeutic approach
8. Cognitive therapy	Cognitive family therapists often assess individuals’ cognitive distortions. They attend to the automatic thoughts and cognitive schemas of individuals so that they can make therapeutic interventions
9.Reality therapy	Attention is paid not just to the shared feelings but also to the wants and values of each family member. suggestions are made to focus on doing things together to promote family harmony
10. Feminist therapy	The focus is not on attaching blame or rescuing people but on how gender and power issues affect clients. Feminist therapists are aware of how their own gender can affect their work with different family members, depending on their gender-role expectations and stereotype.

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