Final Note Cards

Frage	Antworten
The New Deal and Its Legacy	Civilian Conservation Corps-a work-relief program established in 1933, as part of the First Hundred Days of the New Deal, to provide work for unemployed Americans during the Great Depression
New Deal- a law passed by Congress in 1933 to increase production while boosting wages and prices; it created the National Recovery Administration	Social Security Act- a law passed by Congress in 1935 to establish federal programs to offer old-age assistance and benefits, unemployment compensation, and aid to needy mothers, children, and the blind
Welfare State- a social system in which the government takes responsibility for the economic well being of its citizens by providing programs and direct assistance	Totalitarianism-a system in which the government totally controls all aspects of a society, including the economy
Fascism-a political movement based on an extreme nationalism in which the state comes first and individual liberty is secondary	Militarism-the glorification of military power and values
Blitzkrieg-"lightning war," the German military strategy during World War II of attacking without warning	Rationing-a system for limiting the distribution of food, gasoline, and other goods so that the military can have the weapons, equipment, and supplies it needs]
War Production Board-the federal agency set up to manage the conversion of industries to military production during World War II	Internment Camps-a center for confining people who have been relocated for reasons of national security
War Refugee Board-an agency created in 1944 that arranged for Jewish refugees to stay at centers in Italy and North Africa, as well as in former army camps in the United States	Zoot Suit Riots-racial clashes in Los Angeles in 1943 between mobs of sailors and marines and Mexican American youths who wore zoot suits
Women Army Corps-a women's unit of the U.S. Army, established in 1942	Allies-the countries that fought against the Central Powers during World War I and the countries that fought against the Axis Powers during World War II
Axis Powers-the alliance between Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II	Holocaust-the systematic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of Jews and other minority groups by the Nazis
Battle of Midway-the U.S. naval victory in the Pacific during World War II that stopped Japanese expansion and forced Japan to focus on defense	Leapfrogging-an American strategy in the Pacific during World War II in which islands heavily defended by the Japanese were bypassed in order to capture nearby islands that were not well defended
Manhattan Project-the top-secret U.S. government project that developed the atomic bomb	World Bank-a bank founded in 1944 by the United States and 43 other nations in order to provide loans to help countries recover from World War II and develop their economies
United Nations-an international organization founded in 1945 to further the causes of peace, prosperity, and human rights	Four Freedoms-essential freedoms identified by FDR in a 1941 speech and later incorporated into the UN charter: freedom of speech and expression, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear
Nuremberg War Crime Trials-a series of trials in 1945 and 1946 in Nuremberg, Germany, in which an international military tribunal convicted former Nazi leaders of war crimes	GI Bill of Rights-a law passed in 1944 to provide federal funds to help returning GIs make the transition to civilian life
Yalta Conference-held in February 1945 in the Soviet city of Yalta, a conference of the main Allied leaders—U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt, British prime minister Winston Churchill, and Soviet premier Joseph Stalin—to plan the future of post-World War II Europe	Potsdam Conference-in July and August 1945 in the German city of Potsdam, a conference of the main Allied leaders—U.S. president Harry S. Truman, British prime minister Winston Churchill and later his successor Clement Atlee, and Soviet premier Joseph Stalin—to finalize post-World War II plans for Europe
Containment-after World War II, the U.S. foreign policy practice of attempting to restrict the expansion of Soviet influence around the world	Hegemony-the dominating influence of one country or group over others
Truman Doctrine-a U.S. foreign policy, established in 1947 by President Harry S. Truman, of providing economic and military aid to countries—initially Greece and Turkey—that were attempting to resist communism	Marshall Plan-a U.S. plan, initiated by the Secretary of State George Marshall and implemented from 1948 to 1951, to aid in the economic recovery of Europe after World War II by offering certain European countries substantial funds
Molotov Plan-a Soviet plan, initiated by Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov in 1949, to aid in the economic recovery of Eastern Europe after World War II by establishing the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance to create two-way trade agreements between the Soviet Union and other COMECON members and to integrate members' economies	Berlin Blockade-the Soviet blockade of the German city of Berlin, implemented from 1948 to 1949 to halt land travel into the city in hopes of forcing the United States, Great Britain, and France to give up their plan to combine their occupation zones into a single, democratic West German state; the Allied nations resisted the blockade by airlifting food and supplies into Berlin
North Atlantic Treaty Organization-as part of the Cold War, a military alliance formed in 1949 among the United States, Canada, France, Luxembourg, Belgium, the Netherlands, Iceland, Italy, Britain, Denmark, Norway, and Portugal—and expanded to include Greece and Turkey in 1952 and West Germany in 1955—to establish collective security against the Soviet Union (NATO)	Warsaw Pact-as part of the Cold War and in response to the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, an agreement signed in 1955 by the Soviet Union, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania to establish a military alliance for mutual defense
Korean War-a war fought on the Korean Peninsula from 1950 to 1953 after troops from communist North Korea, armed with Soviet weapons, invaded democratic South Korea, prompting the United States and the United Nations to send forces to support South Korea and fight to unify the Korean Peninsula into one democratic nation, which in turn prompted China to join the war on North Korea's side; at war's end, the peninsula remained divided into two nations	Demilitarized Zone-an area, often along the border between two military powers, that no military forces are allowed to enter
Mutual Assured Destruction-during the arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union, the principle that either side would respond to a nuclear attack by launching its own missiles, which helped prevent the Cold War from becoming a hot war (MAD)	Communist Sympathizers-a person who believes in communist ideology but is not a member of the Communist Party
Loyalty Oaths-a person who believes in communist ideology but is not a member of the Communist Party	House Un-American Activites Committee-formed in 1938, a committee of the U.S. House of Representatives that investigated subversive organizations in the United States until 1975 (HUAC)
McCarthyism-the practice of publicly accusing people of subversive activities without evidence to back up the charges; named for Senator Joseph McCarthy, who began such a practice in the early 1950s as part of the search for communists in the United States during the early Cold War	Atomic Age-the era in which atomic weapons have been used, beginning in 1945 with the first use of the atomic bomb and lasting to the present time
Fair Deal-President Harry S. Truman's domestic program, which he began promoting in 1945 with such intentions as increasing the minimum wage, increasing aid to agriculture and education, and enacting a national heath insurance program, only some of which Congress approved	Cost-of-Living Index-a measure of the differences in the price of goods and services over time
Blue-Collar Workers-a person who works in a factory or at a skilled trade, usually for an hourly wage	White-Collar Workers-a person who works in an office-based profession that does not involve manual labor and that requires a certain amount of formal dress, usually for a set salary
Baby Boom-the large increase in the number of babies born in proportion to the size of the population that took place after World War II and lasted until 1964	Status Symbol-a possession that serves as a sign of wealth and prestige
Polio Vaccine-a vaccine, for the often deadly disease polio, developed by Dr. Jonas Salk and released for use in the United States in 1955	Pauperism-the state of being impoverished and dependent on public assistance for survival
Poverty Line-the minimum amount of income one needs to meet basic needs	Housing Act of 1949-a law passed by Congress in 1949 to create public housing and urban renewal programs in order to help all Americans live in decent conditions
De facto Segregation-segregation established by practice and custom, rather than by law	De jure Segregation-segregation by law
Miscegenation-interracial marriage	Executive Order 9981-an executive order issued by President Harry S. Truman in 1948 ending segregation in the military
Congress of Racial Equality-an organization founded in 1942 that was dedicated to civil rights reform through nonviolent action (CORE)	National Association of the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)-the oldest major civil rights organization, also remained active in the struggle for equal rights. Founded in 1909, the NAACP continued its efforts to promote civil rights legislation
Brown vs Board of Education-the 1954 Supreme Court ruling declaring that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional	Montgomery Bus Boycott-a 1955 boycott that resulted in the integration of Montgomery, Alabama's bus system
Student Nonviolent Coordination Committee-a civil rights organization formed in 1960 by college students, who organized sit-ins and other nonviolent protests (SNCC)	Freedom Riders-civil rights protests in which blacks and whites rode interstate buses together in 1961 to test whether southern states were complying with the Supreme Court ruling against segregation on interstate transport
March on Washington-a 1963 protest in which more than 250,000 people demonstrated in the nation's capital for "jobs and freedom" and the passage of civil rights legislation	Civil Rights Act of 1964-a landmark act that banned discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, or national origin; the most important civil rights law since Reconstruction
Voting Rights Act of 1965-an act of Congress outlawing literacy tests and other tactics that had long been used to deny African Americans the right to vote	Black Power-the call by many civil rights activists, beginning in the mid-1960s, for African Americans to have economic and political power, with an emphasis on not relying on nonviolent protest
Black Nationalism-a doctrine, promoted by the Nation of Islam, calling for complete separation from white society	Black Panther Party-a group founded in 1966 that demanded economic and political rights and was prepared to take violent action
Afrocentrism-a focus on African history, culture, and achievements of African peoples and their descendants in the United States	Civil Rights Act of 1968-a law that included a ban on discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, or sex
Preferential Treatment-giving preference to a minority or female job applicant because of that person's ethnicity or gender	Union Farm Workers-a small union for migrant farmworkers, founded in the late 1960s (UFW)
National Organization for Women-a group formed in 1966 to advance women's rights (NOW)	Sexism-oppression of women in the workplace
Feminism-the movement for women's equality	Americans with Disabilities Act-a law passed by Congress in 1990 requiring better public access and improved education for people with disabilities (ADA)
Stonewall Riots-riots in 1969 by customers of a gay bar in New York in response to a police raid; the clash marked the beginning of the gay rights movement	Ageism-discrimination against people on the basis of age
National Aeronautic and Space Administration-a U.S. government agency established in 1958 for the research and development of space exploration vehicles and projects (NASA)	Bay of Pigs-an invasion of Cuba in 1961, which was authorized by John F. Kennedy for the purpose of overthrowing Castro's regime, organized by the CIA, executed by Cuban exiles, and defeated by Castro's forces
Berlin Wall-a concrete wall that the communist East German government erected in 1961 to cut off West Berlin from the rest of East Germany and prevent East Germans from escaping into democratic West Berlin; the wall stood until 1989	Cuban Missile Crisis-a confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union in fall 1962 over the building of Soviet missile-launching sites in Cuba, in response to which the United States established a quarantine to prevent Soviet ships from transporting missiles to Cuba and to demand withdrawal of all Soviet weapons from the island; after a few days, the Soviet Union agreed to withdraw its missiles and President John Kennedy agreed not to invade
Test Ban Treaty-an agreement signed by the United States, the Soviet Union, and Great Britain in 1963 to ban nuclear testing in the atmosphere but allow underground testing	Great Society-President Lyndon Johnson's domestic reform program from 1965 to 1969, which focused on social welfare improvements, with the War on Poverty at its centerpiece, and almost all of which Congress passed
Economic Opportunity Act-a law passed by Congress in 1964 to create dozens of federal antipoverty programs, including the Job Corps and VISTA, and the Office of Economic Opportunity to oversee them	Medicare-a federal health insurance program that pays for hospital and nursing home services for U.S. citizens 65 years or older
Medicaid-a health insurance program that is jointly financed by federal and state governments and that covers low-income people as well as older Americans who have used up their Medicare benefits	Generation Gap-a difference in attitudes and behaviors between youth and their parents
Sexual Revolution-	Woodstock-
Counterculture-a group in society with ideas and behaviors very different from those of the larger mainstream culture

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