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Beschreibung
Karteikarten von Sebastian Goth, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
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Erstellt von Sebastian Goth
vor fast 6 Jahre
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| Frage | Antworten |
| What do BCE and CE mean? | BCE- before common era, old history CE- common era, current and recent history |
| title- Woman from Willendorf culture/period- Paleolithic location/artist- Austria date- 24,000 BCE historical importance- once thought to symbolize fertility, now with finds of thousands of similar sculptures from all over from many travelling tribes, thought to be a non-verbal communication between tribes to be placed outside a home to signify to outsiders if the inhabitants are friendly. her belly button was a natural feature of the rock. | |
| title- Stonehenge culture/period- Neolithic location/artist- Salisbury Plain date- 3000-1500 BCE historical importance- the Mesolithic period held lots of gradual climate change, planet was warming up, these shifts affected the the relationship people had with the land. People shifted from nomadic roaming hunter gatherers to communal permanently settled hunter farmers. the configuration changed and shifted over thousands of years, made of megaliths. Henge= circle of stones surrounded by a ditch. made of two different stones, 1. sarsen stone (type of sandstone) from a quarry 20 miles north for the larger post and lintel constructions and 2. blue stone from wales 150 miles away across a sea, for the smaller stone ring on the ground. suspected function of Stonehenge- originally thought to be a calendar or observatory, but now thought to be a sacred link to ancestors shown by the cremation burials under the blue stones. | |
| what are the 2 rivers surrounding Mesopotamia called? | The Tigris and Euphrates |
| What is cuneiform? | the first form of written script |
| What is a ziggurat? | Temples to gods on a man made hill or platform |
| what are registers? | horizontal bands of pictorial stories, usually written on things like vases |
| What is a votive figure? | A sculpture made to represent a person and put in temples to depict a person constantly praying while the individual could go and do other things |
| Define conventions | traditional ways of representing forms, popular stylistic choices of certain cultures |
| Why is lapis lazuli prized? | because of its brilliant blue color and rarity, it represented wealth and power and importance as it had to be imported from Afghanistan |
| what is a stele? | a freestanding carved stone slab |
| explain hierarchic scale | the concept that size and placement of a certain person/object/etc in a piece of art denotes the importance and power of it |
| title- Carved Vessel culture/period- Sumerian location/artist- Uruk date- 3000 BCE historical importance- visual narrative written on surface in 3 registers, or horizontal bands, depicting the festival of the new year that was to ensure fertility in the people, animals, and crops. bottom register- water and plants, second up register- ram and sheep, third up register- humans carrying offerings, top register- 2 figures presenting offerings to Innanna the goddess of love and war. | |
| title- Votive Figurines culture/period- Sumerian location/artist- Eshnunna date- 2900-2600 BCE historical importance- commonly made of limestone with shell inlay for the eyes, as a devotional practice worshipers would have multiples of these made to represent themselves praying and would put them in temples to be praying always. Also built to have a vessel in their hands the person would come and place offerings to the god/goddess in. The large eyes were to make the worshiper look attentive, focused on the gods, and in awe. | |
| title- Great Lyre With Bull's Head culture/period- Sumerian location/artist- Ur date- 2500 BCE historical importance- The lapis lazuli for the beard had to be imported from Afghanistan, and was thus very expensive and precious suggesting it was of great importance. Found in a royal tomb, and used in the funeral rites. the alabaster plaque on the front has 4 registers: top-male wrestling 2 bulls, might symbolize Gilgamesh and compare the king it was made for to his heroism. second down- animals with offerings, hyena with knife and lion with drink. third down- donkey plating bull head lyre, bear stabilizing lyre, fox listening. bottom- scorpion man and deer celebrating. | |
| title- Stele of Naram-Sin culture/period- Akkadian location/artist- Sippar date- 2254-2218 BCE historical importance- Naram-Sin was the grandson of Sargon the first and third king of the Akkadian empire, he was an expansionist and conquered more land for the Mesopotamian people. The function of this stele, or free-standing carved stone slab, was to commemorate a military victory, it celebrates the personal achievements of one man. Hierarchic scale denotes Naram-Sin's importance and the horned helmet was a way to claim divinity and the three suns suggest godly favor and his closeness to them. He is killing the lullubi people, foreign mountain dwellers for their land with his army below. right side of his body is emphasized, because of belief that a perfect right side is proof of lack of corruption. shown in composite pose, influence from Egypt. Conveys political power- example of propaganda. | |
| title- Nanna Ziggurat culture/period- Neo-sumerian location/artist- Ur date- 2100 BCE historical importance- Temple dedicated to the moon goddess, Nanna. A mud and brick stepped structure with 3 platforms and 3 staircases to the first one, each with shallow wide 100 steps so cattle could be taken up for offerings. Everyone could to to the first platform, only higher ranks can go to second, and only priest could go to the third. physical importance- tall to escape flooding, symbolic importance- it was a bridge between heaven and earth and tall as a way for people to feel closer to their gods, social importance- Physical declaration of wealth and prestige of a community and stability and power provided by that ruler. | |
| title- Votive Statue of Gudea culture/period- Neo-Sumerian location/artist- Girsu date- 2090 BCE historical importance- Gudea was the equivalent of a governor, he helped run the city and built and restored temples. He placed many votive sculptures in the temples. Iconography- shows its Gudea because it's made of diorite, a expensive semi-precious stone, and is notably very finely carved showing the wealth and power of owner. also, Gudea is always seen with a fleece cap | |
| what are lamassus? | Guardian figures of predominantly the Assyrian people, carved from stone, usually limestone, to guard doorways. |
| What is an orthostat? | A large slab of stone (usually limestone) placed against bud-brick walls to allow for carvings. |
| What is an apadana? | an audience hall |
| title- Stele of Hammurabi culture/period- Babylonian location/artist- Susa date- 1792-1750 BCE historical importance- This was the first written legal code, it is prefaced by text glorifying king Hammurabi, and followed by the list of regulations and punishments associated with them according to your status in society. Established a fixed regulatory process under a centralized government. The relief on the top shows king hammurabi conversing with the god Shamash, the god of the sun and justice. There are three suns above them, suggesting hammurabi's closeness to the gods as well as his good favor among them. example of both hierarchic scale and propaganda | |
| title- Lamassus from palace complex of sargon II culture/period- Assyrian location/artist- Dur Sharrukin date- 721-706 BCE historical importance- a hybrid creature created to sit outside an arch, designed with large scale and horned hat (to indicate power) to inspire fear and to intimidate a viewer. It has 5 legs as it was designed to be viewed from a portrait and profile separately on passing through | |
| title- Man with lion cub from palace complex of sargon II culture/period- Assyrian location/artist- Dur Sharrukin date- 721-706 BCE historical importance- a high relief carving created primarily to intimidate and to show the power of the Assyrian empire and military. deep set large eyes and the ease of control over the lion cub as well as the curved stick indicating his intent to kill the animal are included as fear tactics to reinforce fear-based respect for the Assyrian empire. | |
| title- Ceremonial complex culture/period- Achaemenid location/artist- Persepolis date- 518-460 BCE historical importance- palace built for king Darius, surrounded by a fortified wall, has largely Egyptian influences. Built on a structure elevates 40 feet up to suggest the king's closeness to the gods. Holds the king's areas, important dignitary's quarters, and private temples. used in yearly ceremony of renewal for the king. | |
| what are hieroglyphs? | a form of Egyptian pictorial writing |
| who is Ra? | the Egyptian sun god |
| what is the Ka? | the soul or life force, believed by the Egyptians to persist after death. |
| What is a mastaba,step pyramid and pyramid and what are the diffrences? | a mastaba is an early Egyptian burial chamber consisting of a trapezoidal above ground temple for offerings, and a shaft that leads down to an underground chamber for the body, sealed off by large stones to deter robbers. A step pyramid is a stepped pyramid built over a mastaba to denote importance of the deceased. A pyramid is a large burial chamber with complex confusing passages linked to a valley temple for offerings via a causeway (artificial river). |
| What is composite pose? | a pose where the head and legs are in profile, and the chest and eye are frontal. |
| title- Palette of Narmer culture/period- Early Dynastic location/artist- Hierakonpolis date- 2950 BCE historical importance- dedicated to Horus, god of the sky, his symbol is the falcon, shown above Narmer on the relief. About the unification of upper and lower Egypt shown through the differing head-dress on Narmer on the front and back, the front showing the crown of lower Egypt and back showing the crown of upper Egypt, as well as the intertwining lion heads symbolizing unification. Used as a ceremonial dish for grinding eye pigment, though not practical for everyday use as it is too big, elaborate and heavy. | |
| title- Step Pyramid and Funerary Complex of Djoser culture/period- Early Dynastic location/artist- Imohetep date- 2600 BCE historical importance- The Egyptians believed that death wasn't an end and that the Ka would persist through images of the deceased, and its the living's task to ensure the Ka's enduring happiness by providing it everything it would have needed in life along with sculptures and portraits of the deceased for it to move between.They mummified bodies so it would be preserved for the Ka to live in. Imohetep was the architect for this structure, and built a stepped pyramid for aesthetic purposes over a mastaba. | |
| title- Great Pyramids culture/period- Old Kingdom location/artist- Giza date- 2500 BCE historical importance- These were the tombs of three successive familial kings, Khufu (grandfather), Khafre(son), and Menkaure(grandson). The pyramids get smaller as the lineage continues down. They have smaller pyramids for their wives and mastabas for friends and relatives next to theirs and they are connected to valley temples via causeways. Shows stability, unity, power and prominence of kingly lineages. Misleading shafts keep robbers from innermost tomb, and they are placed so as to follow the sun's east->west path symbolizing entering the world of the dead.Unknown how they were constructed, but made of stone covered in a limestone veneer. | |
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Image:
Khafre (binary/octet-stream)
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title- Khafre culture/period- Old KIngdom location/artist- Giza date- 2500 BCE historical importance- from the valley temple of Khafre, made from expensive stone that glows blue in sun, there is an eagle cradling his head, both eagles and blue are symbols of Horus, showing Khafre's divine kingship. It's known he is king because of his stiff idealized figure, cloth head-dress, and rolled cloth in hand. His chair has lion paws for legs, symbolizing regal authority, and lotus and papyrus on the side, symbolizing upper and lower Egypt respectively and their consequent unification. Functions for Ka to inhabit |
| title- Menakure and a Queen culture/period- Old Kingdom location/artist- Giza date- 2500 BCE historical importance- Found in Menkaure's valley temple, made for Ka to inhabit, built in high relief. Traces of red ochre on the king and yellow ochre on the queen stemming from the mummification process, wherein they paint the mummified body after it becomes black for beauty. follows traditional conventions for depicting kings. | |
| title- Ti Watching a Hippopotamus Hunt culture/period- Old Kingdom location/artist- Saqqara date- 2450 BCE historical importance- Ti was a wealthy government official, carving shows him attending to his duties- one of which would be to oversee hippo hunts that were thought to be hunting the god of chaos, seth, who embodied the hippo because of their destructive behaviors. These hunts were a way fir the Egyptians to kill seth. | |
| title- Seated Scribe culture/period- Old Kingdom location/artist- Saqqara date- 2450 BCE historical importance- Found near the tomb of a government official, but known to not be the official because it does not follow conventions for those of high status- it is not idealized and stiff and is shown practicing a craft | |
| define cannon of proportions | gridded mathematic ideal proportions for human anatomy in egyptian art |
| what is a portico? | a type of porch seen in rock cut tombs |
| what is a colonnade? | a series of columns |
| explain amarna style | the new stylistic choices for art made during the rule of Ahkenaten |
| what is a sunken relief? | an image carved into stone where the art is depressed into the surface rather than raised out by removing surrounding material |
| title- Rock Cut Tombs culture/period- Middle Kingdom location/artist- Beni Hasan date- 1900-1750 BCE historical importance- New types of funerary temples built to be inconspicuous and difficult to find to ward off would-be grave robbers and prevent the Ka from being disrupted. Importance of lavish decoration shifts from the tombs to the far away detached valley temples. | |
| title- Funerary Temple of Hatshepsut culture/period- New Kingdom location/artist- Deir el-Bahri date- 1470 BCE historical importance- Hatshepsut's father was king, she married her half brother who then died after becoming king and their son wasn't old enough to rule so she declared herself pharaoh. Her funerary temple is the best preserved largest funerary temple we have. | |
| title- Hatshepsut Kneeling culture/period- New Kingdom location/artist- Deir el-Bahri date- 1470 BCE historical importance- Found in her funerary temple, it was a residence for her ka and portrayed her as a man because of how important the traditional conventions for depicting pharaohs were to the egyptians | |
| title- Collosal Figure of Akhenaten culture/period- New Kingdom location/artist- Karnak date- 1350 BCE historical importance- Akhenaten was a king who disrupted many conventions, he converted egypt from polytheism to monotheism, made up a new god called Aten for them to worship, and changed the capital of thebes to akhetaten as well as drastically changed artistic conventions, having himself depicted in a more stylized way, developing marna style, making depictions less idealized, somewhat androgynous, with elongated features, and puffy lips. It was placed in the temple of Aten, it was placed to show dedication to Aten but really is a form of propaganda to show his godly kingship and association with Aten. | |
| title- Akhenaten and His Family culture/period- New Kingdom location/artist- Akhetaten date- 1350 BCE historical importance- Akhenaten and his family, for his home as decoration, it shows the marna style he developed and has the rays of the sun (symbolizing gods) holding ankhs under their noses to symbolize god-given life. | |
| title- Funerary Mask of King Tutankhamun culture/period- New Kingdom location/artist- Valley of the Kings date- 1327 BCE historical importance- When King Tutankhamun came to power, he was pressured to reverse all the changes to Egypt's traditions made by his father Akhenaten, so this reverts to traditional conventions of representing kings with the inclusion of realistic anatomical proportions, a stoic expression, idealized form, and a cloth head-dress & false beard. This was his funeral mask, which was placed over his mummified body's head. | |
| title- Temple of Ramses II culture/period- New kingdom location/artist- Abu SImbel date- 1250 BCE historical importance- Ramses II ruled after king tutankhamun, and was far more of an important king than him for the length of his reign. His body was buried in a rock cut tomb a few miles away, and this is his funerary temple. It is to this day the biggest mountainside carving. The four giant statues outside depict Ramses II, following traditional conventions including heirchtic scale, they have his wife and children carved into the space between his feet. Horus, god of the sky, is over the entrance. Indoors is a hall lined with more statues of Osiris, god of the afterlife, then another room beyond with more statuary that leads into a final inner temple that only priests may enter. its more private as you go in farther. 2 times a year, light could pass through the door, into the inner sanctum and light up the statue, they believed those dates to correspond with his birthday and coronation day. | |
| what is a fresco and what are the two types? | a wall painting dry fresco- painted on a dry wall, no time restriction but flakes off over time wet fresco- painted into wet plaster, very long lasting and durable but the artist must work very quickly |
| what is a rhyton? | a ceremonial vase for pouring liquids |
| title- figure of a woman culture/period- Cycladic location/artist- cyclades date- 2500 BCE historical importance- Cycladic culture is mostly unknown as there are no written records left, but they were seafaring islanders who traded throughout the Mediterranean sea with little turmoil as they were in temperate climates and had the sea as natural protection. Hundreds of these woman figures were found, all with similar styles, small arms wrapped under breasts, incised lines to indicate joints, often upturned heads, and elongated noses with stylized proportions. Area held abundance of white marble for these, and traces of paint were found on its surface depicting eyes all over. suspected to represent fertility/ be a funeral offering/ use in healing, but all unconfirmed. | |
| title- Bull leaping culture/period- Minoan location/artist- Knossos date- 1450 BCE historical importance- dry fresco pieced together from a shattered painting, language of Minoans still undeciphered but they lived in a complex civilized culture centered around large unfortified palace complexes with large courtyards for community gatherings. This piece gives a glimpse into the Minoan art style, strong black contour lines, flat fields of color, stylized & decorative, figures have pinched waists and curly long black hair, men are painted red and women white, elegant lifelike fluidity. | |
| title- landscape (spring fresco) culture/period- Minoan location/artist- akrotiri date- 1650 BCE historical importance- the island volcano on Akrotiri erupted in 1650 BCE covering the city in ash, it devastated the people but perfectly preserved the frescos and buildings. captures the essence of spring, and paint was made from rocks in the surrounding mountains. | |
| title- fisherman culture/period- Minoan location/artist- Akrotiri date- 1650 BCE historical importance- The largest study of make nudity from the time, it expresses daily life/nature and their culture. Shows a young man identified by his haircut, youth had shaved heads with clumps of tied up hair. Style is influenced by the Egyptians showing composite pose & ground line but still clearly Minoan with its characteristic fluid naturalistic style. | |
| title- girl gathering saffron crocus flowers culture/period- Minoan location/artist- Akrotiri date- 1650 BCE historical importance- A young girl (identified by her youthful haircut) is picking saffron presumably for a coming of age ceremony as it was found in a ritual room for youth entering adolescence and they believed that saffron was good for menstrual cramps. | |
| title- Harvester rhyton culture/period- Minoan location/artist- Crete date- 1650-1450 BCE historical importance- This piece is a rhyton, or a ceremonial vase for pouring liquids, in the shape of an ostrich egg. This shape was inspired by the Egyptians, as there were no ostriches in Crete. The Minoan time held no large scale sculpture, but it had the innovation of the potter's wheel, so pots and small sculpture were abundant. This pot is tiny, but has 27 men carved on its surface, coming back from or going to an agricultural field, tools over their shoulders, and singing. The leader is the only one in profile, and the others are in composite. They're skinny and you can see their ribs and variation in their facial structure and mouth size indicating the artist's interest in the skeletal and muscular structures- whats under the skin- a new sentiment. | |
| cyclopean masonry | Masonry consisting of giant stones, the name is a reference to the cyclops for only a beast that size could possibly lift these boulders. |
| megaron | a large room |
| corbled relieving arch | An arch of protruding stones from the brickwork surrounding above a post and lintel designed to remove weight from the lintel and transfer the force of the stone to the posts. |
| corbled vault | layered brickwork that created a domed roof over a round room |
| tholos (beehive) tombs | beehive shaped Mycenaean above ground tombs |
| krater | A large pot to be used for mixing water and wine or as a grave marker. |
| title- Lion gate culture/period- mycenaean location/artist- mycenae date- 1250 BCE historical importance- As the Minoan culture was taken over by he much more aggressive militant Mycenaeans, the culture transitioned from large unfortified palace complexes with open air courtyards to fortified citadels with megarons. This gate was made up of cyclopian masonry, placed in a wall 25ft thick and 30 ft high. This decoration was placed inside the hollow created by the corbled relieving arch and functioned to intimidate the viewer and to show the power of the people and ruler. | |
| title- Mask of Agamemnon culture/period- mycenaean location/artist- Mycenae date- 1600 BCE historical importance- This golden funerary mask was found on the face of a body found in the mycenae grave circle within a shaft grave, which is a pit grave in which the body is buried standing upright surrounded by valuables. The body found was not actually Agamemnon, but was once thought to be. The sculpture makes an attempt towards portraiture, it does not follow a generic style and is thought to look like the individual it was buried with. | |
| title- Treasury of atreus culture/period- mycenaean location/artist- Mycenae date- 1250 BCE historical importance- The Mycenaeans began to transition form burying their wealthy dead in shaft graves to burying them in tholos or beehive tombs. They were above ground tombs with a rounded beehive like shape. They were corbled vaults with corbled relieving arches that would be covered in dirt once completed for grass to grow in top and disguise them as a regular hill to protect from robbers. | |
| title- warrior krater culture/period- mycenaean location/artist- mycenae date- 1300-1100 BCE historical importance- A krater would have been a large pot used for mixing wine and water or as a grave market, this particular one was a grave marker, it is covered in stylized soldiers, all in composite pose and a woman in profile behind them making the gesture of mourning, as the Mycenaean were a very violent people they went to war often and that meant many soldiers didn't return home. Therefore its appropriate for a tombstone decoration. It is very large, and there are no variations in the soldiers, depicting disciplined regimented men that were the cultural ideal. The Mycenaeans soon collapsed, and this marked the beginning of the dark age for Greece. |
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